The Equator Principle, A Risk Management Framework...

The equator principle, a risk management framework designed and adopted for financial institutions that requires those who are bound by this code to carefully measure, determine, and think through the environmental and social implications of a project and make the proper procedures to ensure that debtor it is loaning the money to exercise a pretty high standard of care before financing the said project. The equator principle sets a minimum standard of due diligence to support responsible decision making for these financial institutions before making a loan. Currently, there are 80 financial institutions who have adopted the equator principle. Among these financial institutions is the third largest bank by market capitalisation in Australia†¦show more content†¦Phnom Penh Sugar, the sugar plantation behind these dreadful news is a company owned by Cambodian tycoon and ruling party senator Ly Yong Phat, who with the help from ANZ Bank, has successfully transformed 20,000 hectares of land in the once peaceful Kampong Speu province in Cambodia, the country’s most impoverished region, into the largest sugar operation in Cambodia. These news leaves the impression to the public eye, especially the analysts, investors, and stakeholders, that the banking giant’s desire to portray itself as an ethical bank, as a bank that is a signatory to various internationally renowned standards that are committed to social and environmental sustainability is less than serious. Modern times requires the need for modern managers, and these modern managers are required to have a high sensitivity about issues concerning ethical behaviour and social responsibility due to increasing pressure from interest groups, legal bodies, government officials, media coverage, and the public. A manager’s level of thinking about corporate social responsibility ranges from â€Å"To make a profit is the only responsibility of a business† to â€Å"It is also within an organisation’s responsibilities to assume responsibility for its impact on society† Proactive responsibility is present when an organisation assumes responsibilities that go above and beyond what its immediate responsibilities areShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics : Australian And New Zealand Banking Group2923 Words   |  12 Pageswith ethics principles. The case study part focus on values and principles within the banking industry, and canalise the subject into ANZ Case. Values supported by ANZ banking company are confronted with its true reputation before the media and society. Theory Most people usually think business and ethics are two different concepts that are very hardly inter-related (Gavai, 2010). It may be explained by the fact that business is an activity which is governed, basically, by the principle of incomesRead MoreThe Impact of Business Ethic on Organisational Performance14958 Words   |  60 PagesETHICS AND PERFORMANCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ETHICS ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY. HSBC HOLDING PLC AS THE CASE STUDY. 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Applying two schools of thought in institutional theory, we conceptualize, first, the differences between CSR in theRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INSTITUTIONS AS THE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF LONG-RUN GROWTH Daron Acemoglu Simon Johnson James Robinson Working Paper 10481 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10481 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2004 Prepared for the Handbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà ­n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. TheRead MoreStabilisation in Investment Contracts and Changes of Rules in Host Countries: Tools for Oil Gas Investors34943 Words   |  140 Pages..............................................................................................20 2.2 THE ARMOURY .............................................................................................................................22 2.3 RISKS TO THE HOST GOVERNMENT...............................................................................................24 2.4 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesGovernance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in 2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project management in the electrical engineering division C A S E E I G H T Television New Zealand: Balancing between commercial and social objectives C A S E N I N E From greenï ¬ eld to graduates: University of the Sunshine Coast C A S E T E N Whole Foods Market, 2005:Read MoreThe Boeing Company 2007 Annual Report61846 Words   |  248 Pages8 10 12 14 16 Operational Highlights Message to Shareholders Executive Council Boeing Commercial Airplanes Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Serving Our Customers Global Presence Technolog y 20 80 87 88 89 18 Pioneering Environmental Performance Financials Selected Programs, Products and Services Board of Directors Company Officers Shareholder Information 1 Operational Highlights I Achieved records for revenues, earnings, cash flow and backlog. 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Albert Enstein - 1246 Words

Money [pic] Inventors Top of Form [pic]Search Bottom of Form †¢ Inventors †¢ Basics †¢ Intellectual Property †¢ History Bios †¢ †¢ Share †¢ Print Ads: †¢ Albert Einstein †¢ Inventors Help †¢ Einstein Quotes †¢ Patent Invention Idea †¢ Example of Biography Albert Einstein - Biography [pic] By Mary Bellis Photo: Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin. One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a wonder he saw when he was four or five years old: a magnetic compass. The needles invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed the child. The†¦show more content†¦Nuclear reactors, for instance, work because nuclear reactions convert small amounts of mass into large amounts of energy. Top of Form |Subscribe to the Newsletter | |Name |Email | | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | Bottom of Form Related Articles †¢ Einsteins Big Idea - review of the PBS Nova special Einsteins Big... †¢ Einsteins Solution - Einstein †¢ Einstein?s Solution - Einstein †¢ Albert Einstein Biography - Albert Einstein - Physicist - Albert Einstein -... †¢ Einstein Proposes His Theory of Relativity [pic] Mary Bellis Inventors Guide †¢ Sign up for My Newsletter †¢ Headlines †¢ Forum Top of Form Free Inventors Newsletter!Sign Up Bottom of Form Discuss in my forum Ads Pregnancy Tipsstarthealthystayhealthy.inGet best tips on pregnancy. Stay updated with pregnancy tips. CBSE Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10www.SmartLearning.inNCERT Solutions of Maths, Science Social Science English. Join Now. NCERT Class VI to XLearnNext.com/FreeTrialStudy NCERT Maths/Science Syllabus from Home. Register free Advertisement See More About †¢ albert einstein †¢ nuclear †¢ atomic bomb Related Video [pic] Who Is Angel Alcala? [pic] Who Is Garrett Morgan? [pic] Learn About Gregorio Zara More Inventors VideosExplore All About.com Videos Ads Degree in Nuclear Sciencewww.Amity.Edu/NuclearScienceTop faculty, top placement Build A

Whole Foods free essay sample

Whole Foods Markets has grown from a small local store in Austin, Texas, to the largest retail chain of natural and organic foods in the United States. Whole Foods has been leading the natural and organic foods movement across the United States, working to gain acceptance among the growing number of consumers interested in eating healthier foods. The company has built a reputation for being selective in the products sold and only providing its customers with the highest quality foods available. The mission of the company is to advance the cause of long term sustainable agriculture practices while promoting a cleaner environment. Thus, explaining the company motto, Whole Foods, Whole People, Whole Planet. Whole Foods thrives on promoting an interactive store and good corporate culture among all team members. Having a sense of collective fate integrated throughout the company, Whole Foods has worked to make a positive work environment where team members can build a rewarding career, reaching their highest potential. Through this strong corporate culture they have attained Fortunes 100 Best Companies to Work For, for 1 consecutive years from 1998 to 2008. John Mackey, founder and CEO, states that the companys vision is, To become an international brand synonymous not only for natural and organic foods but also for being the best food retailer in every community where Whole Foods stores were located. Managers at Whole Foods, strive to create a pleasurable shopping and eating experience for its customers, promoting an interactive store atmosphere where community can interact, educate, and grow. In this report I will examine and study Whole Foods Market and its effectiveness in the market. Along the way I will be performing an environmental analysis, defining the companys strategic direction and how it could be improved, giving recommendations to find the ideal strategy for each level of the business, and implementing a plan to address these recommendations. After fully examining the internal and external environments at Whole Foods Market, I have identified the key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that have shaped Whole Foods since 1980. believe that Whole Foods has several important strengths that have enabled the company to succeed in gaining market power within the grocery industry. Being a differentiated establishment from its competitors, Whole Foods, provides its customers a superior shopping experience like no other, making them competitively valuable. Whole Foods has created an ideal corporate culture among all employees, adding to the company image of having happy employees and making happy customers. Growth within the Natural Foods market has created many opportunities for Whole Foods to gain the majority market share. The 2002 USDA labeling standards made customers more educated in the merit of various organic products, causing consumers to purchase more truly organic conventional supermarkets. Becoming the first national Certified Organic grocer by Quality Assurance International, gave Whole Foods a rock solid selling point for its products. As more and more consumers became educated on the importance of healthier foods Whole Foods had an increase in sales of about 20 percent annually. After struggling to stock their shelves with organic beef and chicken, Whole Foods, launched their own private-label brand of organic foods. Being only one of two companies to integrate backwards giving them a slight advantage over the competition. Just as the opportunities have grown for the company since 1990 so ave the threats from its competitors as natural and organic foods have grown into popular demand. Being a competitive market, conventional supermarkets aggressively responded to the increase in demand for natural and organic foods by offering a special Natural and Organic Foods section to satisfy their customers. Since Whole Foods only provided the best quality of natural and organic foods their higher prices created barriers for many consumers wanting to try organically grown foods. Just as the USDA labeling standards created opportunity for the company it created threats as well. Whole Foods is a socially active company that works to mprove the communities in which they operate. They work to educate the community about key issues that could affect their health and well being through in- store brochures, presentations to groups, and postings on the company website. Aside from this, the company demonstrates its social commitment through donations, promoting natural and environmentally sound farming practices, and food donations to third world countries, Just to name a few. Being a structurally sound company with distinct mission, vision, and values, its difficult to argue that Whole Foods isnt on the right track to success. In my opinion, I hink that Whole Foods has a great mission to provide its customer with the highest quality of natural and organic foods, but I think that they should attempt to work closer with their regional and national suppliers to drive down prices. I could redefine their mission to, providing customers with the highest quality of natural and organic foods at the lowest price possible. Similarly the vision of Whole Foods is important with the emphasis on being the best in the grocery industry, but I feel that the need to incorporate the importance of gaining majority stake within the industry so they can gain volume and purchasing power with suppliers. I feel that if Whole Foods could gain the cost-based advantage, backed by their existing quality, they would be able to reach a wider consumer base. The core values at Whole Foods are the root of the establishment, supporting the health, well-being, and healing of both people and the planet. If I could add anything to this I would incorporate the emphasis of making the community better for everyone. I feel that this is an important selling point, valued by many, and it should be stated in the values of Whole Foods. After analyzing Whole Foods Markets different levels of strategy I have come up ith some recommendations and strategic moves to achieve complete sustainably for Whole Foods Market. There were three levels of strategy in which I searched for improvement, the corporate level, business level, and international level. Currently at the corporate level, Whole Foods is practicing a vertical integration strategy which company in the hands of all its team members, creating an active and fun relationship among all employees. I completely agree with the use of this strategy and feel it is the best option for Whole Foods. At the business level, Whole Foods has had a differentiation-based advantage over the competition. I feel that if Whole Foods obtains market share and creates purchasing power over its suppliers it will have the ability to offer more reasonable prices on their products. Whole Foods may not have the ability to have low cost advantage, due to its high quality and the competitiveness of the market, but I think that they could achieve a better price value over its competitors. Internationally the company has taken a global strategy through its variety of international locations. To improve and grow internationally I would recommend constant research to locate potential foreign markets. I have identified a couple strategic moves that Whole Foods could attempt to obtain a greater market share and reach out to larger numbers of customers. My first idea was for Whole Foods to establish smaller store locations in smaller communities and particular neighborhoods in metropolitan areas. I feel as though the community service and social activism practiced by Whole Foods Market would be something of value to this sector of the market. Another strategic move, one which I already mentioned, was for Whole Foods to obtain purchasing power over its suppliers enabling the company to ffer a better value to its customers. To implement these recommendations I have conducted a functional strategy audit and determined how each functional area should address these recommendations. To gain a price value advantage the sales team needs to work closer with regional and national suppliers to negotiate quantity discounts and develop a closer relationship with these suppliers. Human resources needs to work to maintain optimum performance among all team members through various performance controls, promoting strong leadership and culture, already in place at Whole Foods Market. The customer service department should conduct performance measures to ensure best practices and improvement between team members and customers. The international sales team and lor research and development needs to be constantly researching potential foreign markets and suppliers. More specifically market research and development needs to analyze the smaller communities venture to assess the potential within that sector of the market and determine its significance. To conclude this study I will recap all steps taken to assess and improve business practices at Whole Foods Market. First I conducted an environmental analysis, identifying Whole Foods strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Next I reviewed the businesses mission, vision, and values while giving my opinion of what could be improved. The third step I took was to make recommendations to the strategy at the different levels of the business. Finally I devised a plan of implementation and assigned measures to be taking by different functional groups. Through this study I believe that Whole Foods Market is an overall structurally sound company which when analyzed closely has room for growth and improvement.

Women in Asian Literature in The Tale of Kieu by Du Nguyen and the play The love suicide at Amijima

This paper is aimed at examining such works of Asian literature as the epic poem The Tale of Kieu by Du Nguyen and the play The love suicide at Amijima written by Monzaemon Chikamatsu. Both authors explore the experiences of women who cannot take full control of their own lives. In both cases, female protagonists express compassion or kindred feelings toward other women who suffer the misfortunes.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Women in Asian Literature in The Tale of Kieu by Du Nguyen and the play The love suicide at Amijima specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Much attention should be paid to the way in which Kieu and Koharu seek and show empathy for other female characters. This is one of the questions that should be analyzed. Furthermore, one should focus on the way in which two characters perceive the life in the world of prostitution. These are the main aspects that should be discussed more closely. On the whole, this analysis can throw light on the worldviews of the protagonists and their attitude toward other people. The theme of compassion plays an important role in Monzaemon Chikamatsu’s play. In particular, the readers learn that Koharu, who has to become prostitute, receives a letter from her lover’s wife, Kamiya Osan1. One can say that Koharu perceives Osan as her kindred spirit. Moreover, she does not want to ruin her family by letting Jihei commit suicide2. This is one of the details that should be taken into account. The main character understands that this woman also has to cope with significant challenges. For instance, Osan is responsible for the education of children and the management of their business. More importantly, according to the existing cultural tradition, she is obliged to remain obedient to her husband. In addition to that, she accepts her status, and her only concern is the preservation of family. She has no right to express discontent . To a great extent, Koharu expresses kindred feeling toward Osan since both of them can be viewed as powerless victims. This is one of the issues that should be considered by the readers of these texts. Similar attitude is displayed by the main character of Du Nguyen’s epic poem. One can say that Kieu also searchers for a person who can understand her experiences. To a great extent, Kieu is attracted to the spirit of the poetess Dam Tien whose beauty and talent were famous. Nevertheless, Dam Tien died at a very young age. When speaking about Dam Tien, Kieu says, ‘in her, perhaps, I’ve found a kindred heart’3.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kieu understands that her beauty and intelligence can also be lost irretrievably. One can argue that the main character searches for Dam Tien’s consolation. This is one of the main issues th at can be singled out since it is important for understanding the actions of the protagonist who wants to understand the reasons why she is reduced to the status of a prostitute. This is the question that Kieu desperately wants to answer. Apart from that, it is critical to discuss the way in which the protagonists in these literary works accept and cope with the life in the world of prostitution. It should be kept in mind that Kieu sells herself to a man named Scholar Ma in effort to support her family, in particular her father. So, the main character decided to sacrifice herself. This is one of the main points that can be made. However, he turns out to be the owner of the brothel. Certainly, the main character abhors the very idea of being a prostitute, but she believes that her filial devotion to her family obliges her to accept this fate. This is how the author describes her decision, â€Å"She put aside all woes of love and troth – a child first pays the debts of birth a nd care†4. Moreover, she accepts the fatalistic idea that suffering is an inseparable part of her fate. Moreover, she believes that to some degree, this fate is shared by every women. This is why she says, â€Å"How sorrowful is women’s lot. We all partake of woe, our common lot†5. This statement helps Kieu reconcile with the idea that she lives in the world of prostitution in which she is perceived only as an object by males. Yet, the thought that she can eventually â€Å"redeem† her father gratifies her6. So, the willingness to sacrifice one’s wellbeing for the sake of others is a part of Kieu’s identity. This is one of the main issues that should be taken into consideration. One should also look at the way in which Monzaemon Chikamatsu explores this theme in his play. Koharu is perfectly aware of the fact that she cannot leave the brothel because she lacks money to redeem herself7.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sa mple on Women in Asian Literature in The Tale of Kieu by Du Nguyen and the play The love suicide at Amijima specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, her prostitution can be partly explained by the economic necessity because she needs to support her mother. This motive is critical for explaining the actions of the protagonist. So, one can say that the actions of the protagonist may be driven by the same motive which is economic necessity. Nevertheless, there are important distinctions that should be taken into account. Koharu does not want to accept this destiny. This is why she contemplates the thought of suicide8. In this way, she does not want to admit that she cannot take any control of her life. Koharu does not want to reconcile herself with this form of existence because she cannot see any reason why she should be sentenced to be just the object of other people’s desires. This is one of the main distinctions that should be considered. The differences in the behavior of these characters can be explained by other important factors. Kieu believes that her misfortunes can be imposed by some higher power. In particular, she speaks about such a concept as karma which implies that a person’s suffering can be explained his/her misdeeds in the past life. In contrast, Koharu stresses that the idea that she has only one life and there is no reason for her to suffer. This is the main difference between these women. On the whole, these literary works throw light on the experiences of women who are forced to occupy an underprivileged position in the society. Koharu and Kieu tend to express kindred feeling or empathy to other women who have to suffer the misfortunes that they do not deserve. Both of them have to sell themselves into prostitution because they have to care about people who are dear to them. Yet, there are some differences that should not be disregarded. In particular, Kieu can reconcile hers elf with her fate, while Koharu does not accept the idea that she is doomed to the life in a brothel. This is the main argument that can be put forward.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bibliography Chikamatsu, Monzaemon. The love suicide at Amijima (ShinjÃ… « Ten no Amijima): A  study of a Japanese domestic tragedy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953. Nguyen, Du. The Tale of Kieu. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. Footnotes 1 Monzaemon Chikamatsu, The love suicide at Amijima (ShinjÃ… « Ten no Amijima): A study of a Japanese domestic tragedy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), 75. 2 Chikamatsu, The love suicide at Amijima, 93. 3 Du Nguyen, The Tale of Kieu. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 9 4 Nguyen, The Tale of Kieu, 33. 5 Nguyen, The Tale of Kieu, 7. 6 Nguyen, The Tale of Kieu, 33. 7 Chikamatsu, The love suicide at Amijima, 71. 8 Chikamatsu, The love suicide at Amijima, 71. This critical writing on Women in Asian Literature in The Tale of Kieu by Du Nguyen and the play The love suicide at Amijima was written and submitted by user Tristen F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

3 Cases of Missing Commas

3 Cases of Missing Commas 3 Cases of Missing Commas 3 Cases of Missing Commas By Mark Nichol The presence or absence of a single punctuation mark can create confusion or ambiguity about the meaning of a sentence. Three sentences illustrating this problem, each followed by discussion and revision, follow: 1. These factors make it hard for management to decide what to communicate to directors given the board’s crowded agenda. The lack of punctuation preceding given creates the implication that it is a verb that refers to something the directors are being handed. But here, given is a preposition signaling that information about a mitigating factor is about to be imparted, and punctuation should separate this tacked-on phrase from the main clause: â€Å"These factors make it hard for management to decide what to communicate to directors, given the board’s crowded agenda.† (The additional phrase could also begin the sentence: â€Å"Given the board’s crowded agenda, these factors make it hard for management to decide what to communicate to directors.†) 2. It’s not a real pleasant experience to tell you the truth. As written, this sentence suggests that the writer does not enjoy telling the truth to the reader (or, if the sentence is a quotation, to someone the speaker is talking to), but this is not the writer’s (or speaker’s) intent. To signal that â€Å"to tell the truth† is simply a conversational aside, it should be separated from the main clause: â€Å"It’s not a real pleasant experience, to tell you the truth.† (As in the previous sentence, the modifying phrase can begin the sentence: â€Å"To tell you the truth, it’s not a real pleasant experience.†) 3. The coach had pursued a star athlete only to have a deal fall just short. This sentence reads as if the coach had tried to recruit an athlete for the sole purpose of having a deal fall short; only could be misconstrued as a synonym for merely. But the part of the sentence starting with only is a modifying phrase describing the result of a sincere recruiting effort, and it should be set off from the main clause: â€Å"The coach had pursued a star athlete, only to have a deal fall just short.† (Unlike the dependent clauses and the main clauses in the sentences above, this pair of clauses cannot be transposed without heavy revision.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms45 Idioms About the Number One

How to Bypass Your Internal Editor

How to Bypass Your Internal Editor How to Bypass Your Internal Editor How to Bypass Your Internal Editor By Michael When you edit your first draft, youll have all sorts of ideas of what to change. But when you write your first draft, you want to turn off the internal editor in your mind, that super-ego that looks over your shoulder and criticizes everything you do. Editing is different from writing. Most people cant successfully do both at the same time. And when you do your first draft, you need to focus on writing. Here are some tips on disabling your internal editor until youre ready to hear from it: Make a personal policy to never hit the backspace key more than one. Then you will be able to fix typos but nothing else. If that doesnt work, refuse to hit the backspace key at all. Unless youre a really bad typist, you will still be able to recognize the word you typed. Ive actually written entire chapters in the dark, lying in bed with my ultra-light Alphasmart 2000 keyboard. And in the morning, almost everything I had typed was understandable. If you have to, dont write at all. Dictate onto a recording and type it up later. Dont edit yourself as you speak, either. Never stop talking. If you cant think of what to say next, just say anything until your train of thought returns to you. Start writing with the easy part. Write about what you know best or what you are most passionate about. For example, if youre writing a brochure or website for your business, start with the story of how and why you began the business or learned your skills. Before you know it, you may discover that youve also written about your product line and your unique selling proposition (USP). Set yourself a speed goal. Tell yourself that you have to write a certain number of words a minute. Dont judge the quality of your output. It may be hard at first, but it will get easier. What if you hate what you wrote, and cant stand to edit it? In that case, write it again. You wrote it fast the first time, right? You wont lose much by doing it again. Just start from the beginning, or from where you got off the path, and keep going. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingHow to Pronounce Mobile"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Green IT for Services Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Green IT for Services - Research Paper Example Description of these reasons is an important part of this paper. It contains the present situation of the process of making IT green. It talks about the Green IT products that are already on the market. Furthermore, it also talks about the major IT companies that are spending significant volume of resources in making IT green by developing Green IT products. In addition to these, this paper includes the future of Green IT. It can be predicted that over the next few years, a lot of efforts will be made in making IT greener and this will certainly change the outlook for the industry. Information Technology (IT), in the present global society, acts as the ‘central nervous system’ for the business organizations, governments as well as for the social infrastructures. Global communities are connected with each other by means of IT. Today business organizations are ‘Going Green’ as the societies have become more conscious about the environment which is under tremen dous pressure due to massive modernization, industrialization and irresponsible deforestation throughout the world over the past few decades. ... Uncontrolled consumption of electricity puts huge pressure on the financial capacity of an organization. Such practices actually make the entire system an unsustainable one (Baroudi et al, 2009). Furthermore, in order to meet the growing demand for electricity more power plants would be in need and this would ultimately threaten the environment. Hence, it is very important to make IT green. There is hardly any general definition of ‘Green IT’. According to Gary Hird, Green IT can be seen as the collection of tactical as well as strategic initiatives that directly trims down the organizations’ carbon footprint and/or that use information technologies for reducing carbon footprint and/or that incentivize the ‘greener behavior’ by the stakeholders of the organizations (Hird, 2008). During the last few years â €˜Green IT’ has been a popular subject of research for the organizations like IBM, Sun Microsystems, and Cisco etc. These large multinational IT firms have already started to develop products which are more energy efficient and environment-friendly. There are organizations like Green Grid that assists the global IT industry in addressing the issue of energy use (Baroudi et al, 2009). It is important to notice that IT has an inherent ‘Green aspect’. Information technologies deal with data which is a nonpolluting entity. They enable virtual client visits and virtual meetings which require relatively less energy. However, the volume of consumption varies with the nature of the industry. For instance, IT in case of airline industry consumes significantly more energy as compared to other industries (Baroudi et al, 2009).  Ã‚  

Fitness does not mean losing weight Research Paper

Fitness does not mean losing weight - Research Paper Example that the advertisements have now turned into deceiving the people that when people lose weight, they have now become physically fit but this is not necessarily the case. The sports-oriented companies such as Nike and Addidas have released research about how people are now purchasing sporting apparel like sports shoes and workout clothes not for the purpose of exercising but purely for aesthetical purposes. Sporting apparel has now become a fashionable trend but for some â€Å"strange† reason, people are not using the clothes and shoes to exercise but rather to just appear to be physically fit through exercising. This has therefore led to these companies not focusing on making sporting shoes that are fit for athletes but rather just make sports shoes that are appealing to the customer (Warner, 2005). They are just regular shoes made in the liking of sports shoes and hence have no special features that can assist in any athletics prowess. The advertisements of the sporting companies have therefore stopped focusing much on athletes like it used to in the past with numerous endorsements of different caliber of athletes from runner to basket ballers as a way to encourage people to purchase the correct type of shoes to engage in physical activities of these celebrity athletes. Nowadays, their advertisements are moving with the trend and hence show people in sporting gear that are not athletic in any way but who are slimmer and hence appear to have lost weight through engaging in different forms of physical exercises. The most common form of physical exercise that can be seen in advertisements of how people are gaining the body image desired which is being slimmer is by doing yoga. Much of these â€Å"getting fit† advertisements are also focusing on dieting. They sell different diets to people that involve eating small helpings of food, taking in lots of water and eating basically salad and nothing else. The end result is of these individuals that were considered to be

Role in sports in popular culture Essay Example for Free

Role in sports in popular culture Essay Many people around the world have enjoyed playing many sports and have been for a very long time. Of course ancient Olympics, medieval aristocrats, cave people, and hordes of peasants kicking a ball from one village to the next is, despite the genealogy, rather far removed from sports as we know them today (History of Sports, 2012). With the history of sports we can go back and look at many sports, the earliest that the sport of baseball was present in the United States goes all the way back to 1791. It was not until 1845 that the New York Knickerbockers were founded. (History of Sports, 2012). Many people today have used sports as a useful way for the people to increase their mastery of nature and the environment that they live in. Many sports have utilized the humans own basic skills to develop and exercise their own human agility and show others what they can do on their own. When we look at the sports of today, either be the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA) many people can understand where all of these athletes had to do to get where they are at. It can all go back to when those athletes were young kids and those people that have known them for a long time can experience how good they are and the power and wealth that comes to those athletes that have practiced and mastered their skills to advance to those different leagues of professionalism. Many professional athletes have experienced their own wealth and power in their sports no matter what sport they are in. When athletes get to that point when they get a large amount of money for what they do on the field or courts, what comes with that is they will try to receive the power as well. Many athletes think that they are worth a lot of money for what they do as a professional athlete. Today, in its current state, many athletes make plenty of money to support themselves for the rest of their lives, and with that type of wealth and money, there will always be talk of why we are paying those athletes that type of money and why do the owners of those teams pay that amount. The owners know that they will have the power to negotiate and have the athlete know who has the power to make things happen. Wealth and power in sports degrades the essence of sports from an enjoyment perspective. Players for all sports are always negotiating for a better deal, working on contract negotiations, and arguing about trade negotiations. These types of negotiations just remove the player who once enjoyed and truly love playing the sport. All of the sudden, it has become a business. Sports should be played with heart. Do the owner and franchise teams help in this matter? In my opinion, they are the culprit. There is a constant battle to gain headlines with the next big contract totaling hundreds of millions of dollars for said number of years. There is a constant battle for endorsements to sign the next potential superstar to help sell shoes or the new line of thirst quenchers. There is a constant battle among agents to exploit players into this world consumed by wealth and how success is is measured. For the pure enjoyment of playing a sport, it’s truly gone. It’s an assembly line where media and fame have crossed their boundaries as they measure athletes by wealth and power. The fans are just as guilty as we continue to pay ridiculous ticket prices and purchase over-priced jerseys and memorabilia. The level of influence we have as fans is more like an addicted customer who can’t walk away from the product. There is increasing value added to rising players and their performance level. For the athletes, wealth and power have consumed their level of importance. They have no longer become a trainable, tailored athlete to a specific level where coaching dominates the team. Wealth and power have excluded most players from accepting a team concept through the visions of their coach. There is a sense of individualism among the wealthiest and most recognized players. Depending on the sport, some of those players ignore the coach or disrespect them altogether. Some could chalk up this attitude to personality conflicts that occur on any level of sports, but there is too much consistency with sports and how wealth and power have influenced those players. If wealth and power in sports could be a stock available for investment opportunities on the NASDAQ stock exchange, it would most likely be the best investment anyone could make. There is rarely a decline as players contracts continue to increase and venues continue raise prices. Most sports fans see the great athletes starting their careers soon after completing high school. Two sports icons that come to mind are Kobe Bryan and Dwight Howard. All athletes are considered role models for young people on the court and off the court. It is for that reason players need to very cognizant of their environment and their behavior. Athletes that are fortunate enough to make it to the professional ranks usually hire managers, trainers, coaches, attorneys and publicist. Players are advertised everywhere in our society. They do endorsements for restaurants, stores, energy drinks, and foot wear. Some even have their own clothing line. Players must be at their best in every aspect of their lives. Always being watched, they are examples to the next generation. Fans of these great entertainers are just as responsible for their dress and their behavior. Children must be the primary and most important focus of our society. We begin to teach our youth immediately and this must be at the forefront of our creations and thoughts. Parents need to learn everything about the business to be able to guide their teenagers if they decided to go professional in sports. Recommendations in consuming and participation include continuing to coach and mentor our children from a young age to create the athletes we wish to see. That is where it begins. It starts with families and family morals, discipline and love. Alcohol and drugs should be discussed frequently with care. At every level of school or competition there must be rules and regulations, love, checks and balances. Sports over many generations have basically become a money making issue. No one says on national TV that they love the sport and would play for free. It is a business. We can no longer think of sports as something fun for our children because in the backs of these parents minds their children just might be good enough for the big time and their futures may be filled with money. References Kobe Bryan Biography. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. biography. com Highest-Paid Athletes 2012 the World’s Richest. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. therichest. org Ogonsji, A. S. (2012). International Journal of business Social Science [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : . Retrieved from Ebscohost, website. Athletes as Role Models. (1998, February). Current Health, 24(6), 25. Ebscohost. com.

Moynihan report :: essays research papers

The Moynihan Report In reading the Moynihan report I must say that I do agree with most of what the report is saying for the most part. There are some things that I totally disagree with, but it would take forever to write about all of what I agree with. In this paper I will focus on the Anthropology social science use of it all and the social justice issue of gender with race intertwined. This report was very interesting to me because it seems to somewhat answer a lot of questions about the African American male. Is family structure really that important for an African American male to be a productive person in society? In reading this report one may lead more towards the answer of yes more so than no. Anthropology: the scientific study of the origin, culture, and development of humans. I think that the use of this particular social science was used quite accurately because it explains to you time and time again that where a person comes from, what type of culture the know, and the development that the go through is all within the family. I believe that the father of a family is the most important role for an African American male to see because if the father is not around for the younger male to see then there is no major positive male influence for the younger male to see. The family for African Americans isn’t as strong for us as it is for other races. Within the report it seemed to focus more on the African American male and the role of the male or father heavily. It seems to me as if the report is saying that, if a male grows up in a single family home, with no enriching   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  culture, in a bad area. Then it will be less likely that that person will have a tough time in finding a job, help take care of their family, or staying out of trouble. I know within my family my brother and I grew up with both parents in the home. In a nice neighborhood with our mom and dad coming from two different cultural backgrounds, but we knew and was taught both and I know that we a well-rounded people because of it. My brother has been married for almost ten years, two children and has been in business for himself since he was 21 years old.

Puppy vs. Dog

Buying a Puppy vs. Buying an Older Dog Since the Internet was not working, I had to chose another theme to write about. I picked the theme â€Å"Buying a Puppy vs. Buying an Older Dog. † These two topics don't have much in comparison, but they are very different. Buying a puppy at a very young age can be a difficult or easy process, depending on how you train the puppy. Buying an older dog is very tricky in many ways. There are very few comparisons about buying a puppy versus buying an older old. One comparison is that they are both pets.They are alike by there structures and mannerisms. Another comparison is that they are a very good companionship to you and your loved ones. There are many different things about a new puppy and an older dog. For one thing if you buy a puppy, you can train the puppy to the way of life your used to living to. You can train your puppy to be on a schedule. If you buy an older dog, it may not be trained. Older dogs aren't as easily trained as youn ger puppies. A puppy can grow up knowing who you are and get familiar to you and the people around you.An older dog may have had a bad past, and may be meaner or not as friendly towards others. The older dog won't be familiar to you, your family, or the people around you. I think you should buy a puppy instead of buying an older dog. If you are looking to buy an older dog, you have to look at the dogs past and determine if it is going to be easier (for you and the dog) to train a puppy or have to teach an old dog new tricks. To me, it will be easier to buy a new puppy versus buying an older dog. Puppy vs. Dog Buying a Puppy vs. Buying an Older Dog Since the Internet was not working, I had to chose another theme to write about. I picked the theme â€Å"Buying a Puppy vs. Buying an Older Dog. † These two topics don't have much in comparison, but they are very different. Buying a puppy at a very young age can be a difficult or easy process, depending on how you train the puppy. Buying an older dog is very tricky in many ways. There are very few comparisons about buying a puppy versus buying an older old. One comparison is that they are both pets.They are alike by there structures and mannerisms. Another comparison is that they are a very good companionship to you and your loved ones. There are many different things about a new puppy and an older dog. For one thing if you buy a puppy, you can train the puppy to the way of life your used to living to. You can train your puppy to be on a schedule. If you buy an older dog, it may not be trained. Older dogs aren't as easily trained as youn ger puppies. A puppy can grow up knowing who you are and get familiar to you and the people around you.An older dog may have had a bad past, and may be meaner or not as friendly towards others. The older dog won't be familiar to you, your family, or the people around you. I think you should buy a puppy instead of buying an older dog. If you are looking to buy an older dog, you have to look at the dogs past and determine if it is going to be easier (for you and the dog) to train a puppy or have to teach an old dog new tricks. To me, it will be easier to buy a new puppy versus buying an older dog.

Poland Business Cycle

This Country Focus analyses and interprets the statistical characteristics of the Polish business cycle. It also identifies leading and lagging variables and shows that the economic fluctuations in Poland differ to some extent from those in other emerging and mature economies, with Polish growth notably more volatile and government expenditure highly erratic. The available data on GDP growth suggest that the Polish economy is approaching the peak of the second business cycle since the start of economic transformation from a centrally planned to a market economy.The current upswing is to some extent similar to the one of 1995-1997 which ended in large macroeconomic imbalances (increasing unemployment, spare capacity, widening fiscal and current account deficits). However, Poland now appears to be better positioned than after the last cycle and should be able to avoid a repeat of that outcome. Business cycles in emerging market economies Although the economic literature on business cyc les is vast, only recently have some papers on business cycles in emerging market economies appeared.Usually they analyse economic fluctuations within particular countries (e. g. Benczur and Ratfai, 2005) or make some cross-country comparisons (e. g. Aguayo et al. , 2004 or Carmignani, 2005). A common methodology used in the analysis of business cycles (based on observations of mature economies and economic theory) distinguishes pro-cyclical, counter-cyclical and a-cyclical variables. Pro-cyclical variables fluctuate together with GDP (e. g. industrial production, investment, employment, inflation), countercyclical variables against GDP (e. g. nemployment, net exports) and a-cyclical variables independently of GDP (e. g. real interest rates). 1 With respect to timing, the ‘stylised facts' of the business cycle identify leading, lagging and coincident variables: leading variables move ahead of GDP (e. g. average labour productivity, inventory investment, money supply), lagging variables follow GDP (e. g. inflation, nominal interest rates) and coincident variables, as the name suggests, move coincidentally with GDP (e. g. industrial production, consumption, employment) (Snowdon & Vane, 2005, p. 306).Overall, business cycles in emerging market economies (Carmignani, 2005)2 are not much different from those in mature economies (Snowdon and Vane, 2005, p. 306), By Michal Narozny* The business cycle in Poland: where do we stand? Highlights in this issue: †¢ While on the whole not different from mature economies, the properties of the business cycle in Poland display some special characteristics †¢ The current cycle seems to have reached a peak but the slowdown is likely not to be as pronounced as in the previous cycle Volume IV, Issue 9 03. 08. 2007 ECFIN COUNTRY FOCUS Directorate for the Economies of the Member States. The views expressed in the ECFIN Country Focus belong to the authors only and do not necessarily correspond to those of the Director ate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs or the European Commission.Economic analysis from the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Identification of direction and timing is key in business cycle analysis ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 2 but economies in transition (though they do not constitute a homogeneous group) display some specific characteristics: overall, the economy is much more volatile than in the euro area, which is the consequence of structural changes and catching-up, †¢ shocks are slightly less persistent than in the euro area, and fluctuations consequently more frequent, †¢ government consumption is more erratic than in the euro area, suggesting a significant discretionary element in fiscal policies, but not one that is necessarily aimed at cyclical stabilisation, †¢ employment is a-cyclical in some, but pro-cyclical in other emerging economies, †¢ inflation in emerging economies is volatile and not clearly pro-cyclical.Table 1 shows some tentative analysis of the key macroeconomic variables in the Polish business cycle. All variables (except for inflation and net exports) were logtransformed, de-seasonalised by means of the X. 12 method and later de-trended using the HP filter. Net exports were expressed as a ratio to GDP and deseasonalised by means of the multiplicative X. 11 method before being de-trended. Volatility of cyclical fluctuations, and hence the magnitude of the business cycle, is measured by the standard deviation. Polish GDP volatility is about 0. 015, compared to 0. 08 for the euro area. The persistence of cyclical fluctuations is measured by the auto-correlation coefficient: the closer to 1, the more persistent the shock (and the longer it takes to absorb it) and therefore the less fluctuation in the business cycle. Testing for the Polish business cycle persistence yields a coefficient of 0. 55 compared to 0. 85 for the euro area. Table 1. Su mmary statistics of business cycle fluctuations in Poland Correlations with the cyclical component of GDP Poland Standard Autodeviation correlation -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 GDP 0. 015 0. 550 1Industrial production 3. 317 0. 730 -0. 018 0. 154 0. 314 0. 515 0. 771 0. 599 0. 444 0. 229 0. 113 Private consumption 0. 013 0. 269 0. 015 0. 079 0. 283 0. 433 0. 434 0. 385 0. 463 0. 380 0. 037 Government consumption 0. 020 0. 001 -0. 200 0. 007 0. 230 0. 022 -0. 211 0. 175 0. 282 0. 199 0. 051 GFCF 0. 070 0. 717 0. 357 0. 399 0. 403 0. 484 0. 824 0. 585 0. 371 0. 313 0. 344 Inventories 1. 189 -0. 072 -0. 139 0. 044 0. 021 0. 074 0. 199 0. 187 0. 150 0. 177 0. 230 Net exports 0. 012 0. 574 -0. 061 -0. 174 -0. 386 -0. 373 -0. 326 -0. 513 -0. 497 -0. 389 -0. 452 Exports 0. 58 -0. 005 0. 098 0. 199 0. 177 0. 225 0. 594 -0. 018 0. 030 -0. 016 -0. 193 Imports 0. 063 0. 378 0. 097 0. 252 0. 350 0. 408 0. 672 0. 377 0. 384 0. 258 0. 175 Employment 0. 017 0. 857 0. 291 0. 372 0. 411 0. 452 0. 545 0. 40 9 0. 333 0. 355 0. 344 Labour productivity 0. 354 0. 512 0. 120 0. 090 0. 056 0. 070 0. 133 0. 257 0. 109 0. 026 -0. 142 Money supply (M1) 0. 041 0. 776 -0. 078 -0. 060 0. 092 0. 260 0. 475 0. 472 0. 535 0. 505 0. 432 Inflation 1. 819 0. 779 0. 092 0. 321 0. 511 0. 596 0. 473 0. 290 0. 082 -0. 082 -0. 146 CPI 1. 737 0. 777 0. 086 0. 255 0. 411 0. 422 0. 00 0. 082 -0. 075 -0. 167 -0. 184 Real interest rate 0. 655 0. 942 0. 226 0. 279 0. 302 0. 263 0. 135 0. 132 0. 120 0. 092 0. 088 Source: Own estimates. Data source: Eurostat. Sample: 1995Q3 – 2007Q1 Summary statistics Lags Leads Business cycles in Poland – what is different and what is alike The analysis of the Polish cycle yields a number stylised facts, which are to some degree typical for emerging economies. Table 2 summarises a number of stylised facts on business cycles in mature economies and in Poland (bearing in mind the relatively short time span for the latter).It shows that some of the usual characteristics of business cycles in mature economies (or even in emerging economies) are not seen in Poland. Where this is the case, some interpretation is offered. Industrial production is usually pro-cyclical and coincident in both mature and emerging economies, but in Poland it has a slightly leading property, which indicates the importance of industrial production as a driver of the business cycle. In the aggregate demand components, private consumption seems to be procyclical in Poland.However, it is not coincident as in mature economies, and has a lead-lag profile that is not typical: it is almost flat over four quarters with some lead. Hence, although private consumption is the largest component of GDP, the dynamic relation over time between the two variables is erratic, possibly indicating consumption smoothing, which is characteristic of low-income economies. However, the ratio of the standard deviation of private consumption to the standard deviation of GDP (by which consumption smoothi ng is usually judged) is estimated at 0. 8, i. e. higher than the upper bound of the normal range reported in the literature. 3 This suggests that consumption smoothing is not present in Poland, which might indicate lower risk aversion and/or underdevelopment of financial markets. The Polish business cycle displays some characteristic properties Business fluctuations in Poland are highly volatile and persistent ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 3 Table 2. The ‘stylised facts' about business cycles in mature economies and Poland Variable Mature economies* Poland** category VariableDirection Timing Direction Timing Supply side Industrial production pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident/leading Private consumption pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical erratic Government consumption pro-cyclical erratic counter-cyclical /erratic erratic GFCF pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident Inventories pro-cyclical leading pro-cyclical leading Net exports counter- cyclical coincident/ lagging counter-cyclical erratic Exports pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident Demand components Imports pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincidentLabour Employment pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident/lagging market Labour productivity pro-cyclical leading pro-cyclical leading Money supply pro-cyclical leading pro-cyclical leading Monetary Inflation pro-cyclical lagging pro-cyclical lagging variables Real Interest rates a-cyclical erratic pro-cyclical lagging * Features commonly found in the literature. Main source: Snowdon ; Vane (2005) ** See Table 1 Source: Own calculations (see Table 1) and Snowdon ; Vane (2005) Government consumption seems to be neither systematically counter- nor procyclical.High volatility and a very low persistence (i. e. frequent fluctuations of sizeable magnitude) point to an irregular pattern of government consumption, suggesting an important role of discretionary fiscal policies, which is a distinctive feat ure of emerging economies (Carmignani, 2005) and possibly related to the existence of a political cycle in public finances. Gross fixed capital formation appears to be coincident, highly pro-cyclical and persistent (auto-correlation of 0. 2) and inventories behave according to the ‘stylised facts': they are pro-cyclical and leading (though less so than in mature economies). Finally, both exports and imports can be seen as pro-cyclical, but imports slightly more so than exports, which is in line with the features of mature, but not emerging economies where exports are a-cyclical on average. Moreover, imports seem to be quite persistent (following persistent GFCF), unlike exports (which depend on external demand); both variables are highly volatile (standard deviations are more than the double of the euro-area).Net exports are moderately counter-cyclical with an erratic pattern over time (due to persistent imports), whereas in mature economies net exports are also counter-cyclic al, but usually coincident or lagging. With respect to the labour market, employment shows up as pro-cyclical and coincident, with some evidence of lagging, which places Poland somewhere in the middle between mature and emerging economies in this respect. Labour productivity appears to be pro-cyclical and leading, in line with the ‘stylised facts', though the leading property is less pronounced than in mature economies.Pro-cyclicality of employment with its smooth and slightly lagged correlation profile suggests labour hoarding (Burnside et al. , 1993). Among the monetary variables, the money supply apears to be pro-cyclical and leading. Inflation seems to be pro-cyclical and to follow GDP as in mature economies, which is not the case in most emerging economies (where inflation is acyclical – see Carmignani, 2005). This is probably due to the fact that at the beginning of the transformation process all emerging economies had very high inflation rates that systematically decreased.Thus, it is hard to discern a clear cyclical pattern. Poland managed to achieve relatively low inflation sooner than other emerging countries, allowing this pro-cyclicality to be revealed earlier. Contrary to the ‘stylised facts' for mature (but also emerging) economies, where real interest rates are a-cyclical with no clear pattern with respect to timing, real interest rates in Poland show up as being pro-cyclical and lagging, implying a countercyclical monetary policy (coefficient of correlation with GDP is 0. 4 and there is a clear lagging pattern). Smooth and lagged correlation profile of pro-cyclical employment suggests labour hoarding The irregular pattern of government consumption suggests that discretionary fiscal policies play an important role ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 4 Troughs, peaks and the drivers of growth The first economic cycle since the beginning of economic transition lasted about 10 years, with the expansion and slowdown phases each spanning about 5 years; the cycle ended in the second quarter of 2001.The current upswing has already lasted 6 years, which suggests that the peak is imminent if the length of the current cycle is similar to the previous one. Decelerating leading variables (industrial production, net exports and labour productivity) may also be signs of a turning point. Chart 1. Developments of basic economic variables in Poland in 1991-2008 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % CA deficit (% of GDP) Unemployment rate (rhs) CPI inflation (rhs) GDP growth Fiscal deficit (lhs)Source: Commission services In both the early 1990s and in 2001, when the economy was at its trough, there was a large unutilised labour supply and substantial reserves in enterprises’ capacity utilisation. The fiscal deficit was also substantial. In the first cycle, ample supply of resources was a consequence of t ransition to a market economy which caused a recession in 1990-1991. In 2001-2002 it followed from the world economic slowdown and a restrictive monetary policy, which forced Polish enterprises to reorganise to raise their competitiveness and efficiency. Poland got out of the trough twice hanks to exogenous impulses to investment: the restructuring of the London Club debt in 1994 (which brought the first major wave of FDI) and entry into the EU in 2004 (which led to an inflow of EU funds). The external circumstances were also favourable as the world economy expanded in the nineties until 1998 and has been on a stable growth path since 2003. Chart 2. Contributions to GDP growth in Poland in 1991-2008 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % total consumption GFCF Inventories Net exports GDP growthSource: Commission services The main factor that drove real GDP growth in 1995-1997 to about 7% was dynamic domest ic demand growth of 8? % on average, supported by robust consumption (about 5 percentage points contribution to GDP growth on average). Despite the fact that the economy was growing above potential and domestic demand was growing significantly faster than GDP, a strong zloty appreciation (with a temporary blip in 2000) ensured that the disinflation process was not disturbed. However, this There are indications that the Polish business cycle has approached a peak Large acroeconomic imbalance during the troughs ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 5 situation led to a fast-growing imbalance on the current account: the 2% of GDP surplus in 1994 fell to a deficit of 6% of GDP in 1999 (to which the Russian crisis also contributed). Growth outlook based on solid foundations for now It is estimated that the Polish economy is currently expanding at a pace close to its potential (approximated at 5. 9% in 2007), on the back of rising domestic demand, which is likely to be followed by i ncreasing imports and a deteriorating current account balance.The growth of gross fixed capital formation accelerated to 17% in 2006 and to nearly 30% y-o-y in the first quarter of 2007. Private consumption increased at 5. 2% in 2006 and stepped up to 6. 9% y-o-y in the first quarter of 2007, which is significantly higher than the 2. 7% average growth in 2000-2003. So far, this expansion of consumption has not led to a rapid increase in the current account deficit (which rose from 1. 7% in 2005 to 2. 3% of GDP in 2006) or a rise in inflation (which has come in below the central bank's medium-term inflation target of 2. % for eight quarters in a row), mainly thanks to moderate real wage growth. However, with a tightening labour market, emerging skill mismatches and workforce emigration the pressure on wages is expected to become more significant, contributing to a further increase of consumption. In consequence, it might lead to an escalation of the external imbalance and/or increase d inflation. Nevertheless, GDP growth in the current phase seems to be based on more solid foundations than in the late 1990s: †¢ Firstly, the share of exports in GDP has nearly tripled in 1992-2006 to about 40%; the number of exporters has also increased considerably.The structure of exports has improved, with a bigger share of processed goods and a higher value added. Foreign direct investment has helped increase the production capacity of the Polish economy, which enables the domestic market to better meet increased private demand, and makes the balance of payments less prone to fluctuations in domestic demand. In addition, increased investment-driven imports are largely balanced by increased exports on account of a good situation in the external environment. †¢ Secondly, the floating exchange rate is likely to act as a buffer against imported inflation.However, even without a strong zloty appreciation, inflation in Poland during the coming years is expected to stay rel atively low: below or around the central bank's medium-term inflation target of 2. 5%. As the Polish economy is now more open than 10 years ago, inflation is more influenced by global factors. Increased exposure of Polish enterprises to international competition limits their ability to freely increase prices and wages. They are forced to increase labour productivity faster than wages to maintain their market position. Thus, even with growing wage demands, enterprises are more willing to decrease mark-ups than to raise prices. Thirdly, increased household incomes acquired as a result of higher wages and an improved labour market situation may not translate into consumption to the same extent as in the previous economic cycle. There is evidence that households are now more saturated with basic durable and consumption goods which they lacked before4 and are more eager to spend additional income on holidays abroad owing to a more mature service sector. Financial markets are more develop ed than 10 years ago, giving an opportunity for financial investments. ConclusionsThe business cycle in Poland exhibits similar properties to cycles in mature economies, but there are some notable differences for government consumption, net exports and real interest rates (although for the last variable the picture may be blurred by its very high level at the beginning of the transformation process). However, because the data series are short, the results should be interpreted with caution. The irregular behaviour of government consumption in Poland with respect to influence on the business cycle could be related to a discretionary fiscal policy implemented within a political business cycle.GDP growth is based on more solid foundations in the current cycle ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 6 The analysis of the previous upswing in Poland, the identification of variables with leading properties with respect to GDP, and the latest developments all seem to suggest that the Po lish economy might have reached the peak of the current cycle in the first quarter of 2007. Nevertheless, thanks to the ongoing process of restructuring of the economy, the slowdown phase is not likely to be as pronounced as in the previous cycle and should not lead to major imbalances.

Holes essays

Holes essays The book Holes is about a young boy by the name of Stanley Yelnats. Stanley Yelnats is a young boy who has been sent to a camp called camp Green Lake for being accused of stealing some shoes. Which were going on an auction from a famous baseball player named Clyde Livingston. Stanley denies the whole thing; he says the shoes just fell out of the sky. No one really believes him, not even his mom and dad. When Stanley goes to this camp the Warden orders him that he digs holes with the rest of the kids who were there. Stanley meets five kids named Zig-Zag, Magnet, Armpit, Squid, X-ray, and Zero Stanleys best friend at the camp. All 6 of these boys, including Stanley stay in the same bunkhouse. Bunkhouse letter Group D. Mr. Pendanski is the younger counselor who communicates with the boys the most. Mr. Sir doesnt talk to the boys a lot but is the more discipline counselor. The Warden is the head of the Camp who very rarely comes out of her air-conditioned log house. Stanley Yelnats had a great-great-grandfather, named Elya Yelnats, and he was in love wit his fianc. When her father wanted her to finally get married he had to choose between Elya and a man who wanted to trade her for a pig. Elya decided he was going to get a bigger pig and compete against this man. Elya went to Madame Zeroni, and she said that she would give him a baby pig and Elya would have to carry it up a mountain once a day and sing with it and it would grow to be bigger than the other mans. Only one thing Elya had to promise to do, after he wins his fianc over he would carry Madame Zeroni up the hill and sing to her, Elya agreed. Elya did this and his pig ended up being the same size as the other mans. When his fiancs father decided to let his daughter pick, she picked the other man. When Elya heard this he immediately hopped on a boat to America. In America he got married and ha ...

A Hilarious Roller Coaster Monologue for Women

A Hilarious Roller Coaster Monologue for Women An outgoing woman named Roxy delivers this comedic female monologue. Her boyfriend is a roller coaster fanatic, and also a bit immature. Therefore, she has decided to break up with him, right in the middle of their roller coaster ride. Although the character sits most of the time, the actress could feel free to add a lot of movement and facial expressions to simulate the ride. The Monologue (Roxy gets into her rollercoaster seat.)(She’s talking to her boyfriend.) You and your obsession with roller coasters.What’s the name of this one? Oh, â€Å"TheTerminatrix.† How nice. Look, Derek, I- How do I buckle this thing? I got it.Derek, I think I’ve got enough adrenalineand funnel cakes in my system, I can finallytell you what’s in my heart right now. This might not be the best conversation to have on the rollercoaster, but if what I am about to say breaks your heart; you can claim that whatever tears might be in your eyes are due to wind resistance. (Leans back – the rollercoaster begins going up.) Oh – here we go! So, what I’m trying to say†¦What am I trying to say? Well, we’ve had a good year. Almost a year. (She leans forward and bounces up and down just a bit to show the bumpy beginning of the roller coaster.) Ten months and 22 days. Thingsstarted rough. Sort of like this ride. And I thought we were headed in the same direction. (Leans back again.) But now it feels like we’ve been traveling on two different tracks. What? Put my hands in the air?Okay. (Raises hands in the air.)But, Derek, where are we headed?I feel like I’m ready to take the plunge off of the Marriage Mountain Splash Ride. And I’m not afraid to get soaked with commitment. You’d rather spend your time on the bumper cars. Sure, it’s fun to bump around, but it getspretty meaningless after a while. So, that’s why I think – oh my gosh, this is high up! Is itsupposed to be this high? It’s safe, right?Anyway, that’s why I’ve decided – Here goes! (The roller coaster drop begins!) I’m BREAKING UP WITH YOU!!!! AAAAAH!I THINK WE SHOULD JUST BE FRIENDS!AND SEE OTHER PEOPLE!!!! Oh my gosh, oh my gosh! (She leans to the left.) So, what do you think?! (She leans to the right.) What are you doing? What is this? (She accepts something from him.) A ring? Do you want to marry me? Here comes another one! Whoa, whoa, aaaaaaah!You’re crazy, Derek! But - Yes!I’LL MARRY YOU!!!! (She lurches to a sudden stop. Catches her breath.) Let’s do it again!

Principles of Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Principles of Economics - Assignment Example This is a factor that will result in students missing on the services and others will opt to park out of school wile others will be forced to use other means of transportation that are likely to inconvenience them more. Employed students will feel the pinch the most. Their time will be wasted with most of them opting for external parking. Unemployed students have adequate time to look for parking and if not for the rush to class, they will be the greatest benefactors of the lowered parking prices. Opportunity cost refers to the loss of one alternative when the other is chosen. 100 bats are equivalent to the production of 400 rackets. Producing an additional 100 bats will thus result in the loss of 400 rackets. The larger trade off is brought about by the equal rate of producing the two items in the second scenario. While the other will result in the loss of more rackets, the second scenario results in the loss of 100 rackets. This is more admissible than in the first case. f. Suppose Athletic Country is currently producing 200 bats and 200 rackets. How many additional bats could they produce without giving up any rackets? How many additional rackets could they produce without giving up any bats? (4 Marks) The production of equal number of the two simply results in equal number of either item in case of a trade-off. In this scenario, one bat or racket traded off results in the loss of one racket or bat preferred over the other. This type of production is efficient as it ensures effective returns for the capital invested. In case of an increased demand on either of the two, the firm simply halts the production of the other thereby maximising on the capital. In order to reduce smoking, the government places an additional tax of  £2 on a pack of twenty cigarettes. After one month, while the price to the consumer has increased a great deal, the quantity

Notice of cafeteria construction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Notice of cafeteria construction - Case Study Example After the renovation, the changes will be made as follows: Meanwhile, you will have to eat lunch outside our building for the three days. Our company has made contracts with three restaurants on Lifelong Building, whose location is next to our building. You will not have to use money to get services from the restaurants for the three days shutdown period. The restaurant will allow every individual to have meals that do not exceed twenty dollars per day upon retrieval of their Employees ID as you would do at our cafeteria. To make it clear, you may spend twenty dollars including taxes in each restaurant (up to 60 dollars in total) in three days. The available restaurants include: If you have any queries regarding the closure of the cafeteria, you can get most of answers from our constructors’ website www.restaurantrenovators.ca. The Human Resource Team are also ready to answer any queries regarding the closure of our cafeteria. Sorry, for any inconvenience

Learning Skills for Personal & Professional Development Essay

Learning Skills for Personal & Professional Development - Essay Example The main skills that I have figured out, which I have managed to acquire through my beginning of this nursing career have been: Time management- this is because I was initially poor at managing time and when it comes to planning for my assignments, something always came up which distracted me in the course and made me fail to meet the required deadlines. I realized that my research skills were highly affected since I could not research well and I was always up and down in the last minute rush to do my research and complete the necessary tasks (Ward, 2001, pp. 47-53) Internet skills for nurses. Nursing Standard 15 (21): 47-53. There are other areas that suffered seriously such as the quality of my work that I submitted after I rushed it up having poorly managed my time. This usually led to me getting poor grades. Managing time to ensure efficiency and effectiveness was my main problem; Correct use of referencing and in the process avoiding plagiarism is another learning skill that I h ave developed. This skill is well enhanced when I stick to my school’s chosen format for reference, which is Harvard style. I learned that in Harvard style, there are certain measures that should be taken once I have used someone’s work as part of my sources and thus whatever ideas that I have borrowed from any author to support my argument need to be well referenced in Harvard. This style requires that one indicates the name of the author, year of which the work was published, and then be able to note the exact page numbers that such ideas, arguments, or models have been extracted. I learned a lot about this referencing style including the format to cite various forms of sources such as documents from the websites, reports, interviews, and peer-reviewed articles, among others. With strict adherence to this Harvard style of referencing or citation, the issue of plagiarism is taken care of since I recognize somebody’s work or contribution to a given theory or mod e of thinking and avoid blatant theft of literary or intellectual property through rights violations, which is very criminal and should be shunned by all means; and finally, Numeracy skills for nursing- although I have not fully started the numeracy module for my nursing education, I am expecting to start soon as per the modules’ plan. However, I have started appreciating the importance of acquiring numerical skills in my nursing profession practice. I am therefore gearing up to tackle numeracy with full vigor once the module comes on the table. In the meantime, while I was at my place for the feeding program, I realized that it was important for James to be monitored in terms of right dosage and at what intervals. This made me appreciate the value that numerical skills would have on my nursing professional practice and personal development. This paper is written in the first person (Hamill, 1999, pp. 38-40) and will thus deal broadly with the above-identified skills that I a m in the process of refining. It will also reflect heavily on some modules such as NCFP 4004 which is the foundations for professional practice and NCFP 4005 called the problem based learning assessment. The reflective learning model that I have used is the Gibbs Reflective Cycle (Jasper, 2003, pp. 2-18), which will be well applied in the course of my discussion.

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Essay Ph.D. Thesis: Abhijit Nath Introduction Introduction The wealth of information in atoms and molecules can be achieved from quantum mechanical studies of their structural as well as various physical and chemical properties. Based on quantum mechanics [1-7], large number of approximation methods has been developed over the years for the complete solutions of atomic and molecular systems. Now-a-days, the availability of the computer hardware and software has been increased enormously. In addition, a large number of suitable computational methodologies and algorithms have been developed over the years for solutions of realistic problems in different branches of physics/chemistry. Making the use of the power of the present generation computers as well as computational methodologies and algorithms, we can perform large scale research just by performing high level quantum mechanical computations as an alternate tool of experiment. These high level computations some time meet the requirement for realistic problems in different branches in phys ics, even in atomic and molecular physics. Many complex molecules like drugs are designed on computer in modern days. Such computational attempts are helpful to the experimentalists because with the help of the theoretical idea achieved form these computer simulations, they can perform the real synthesis of these complex molecules in laboratories without much difficulties. Sometimes, it may not be possible to synthesize certain molecular systems which are very much unstable or poisonous or explosive in nature. But then one can carry out theoretical calculations and computations to explore their structure and various properties without handling them in reality. Because of the availability of the faster and cheaper computer hardware, as well as a variety of suitable algorithms, theoretical investigations of various physical and chemical properties of these molecules are now become less expensive and easier. It is well known to scientific community that modern-day atomic and molecular spectroscopic studies require very expensive spectrometers and other sophisticated instruments for getting results with desired accuracy. But one can carry out theoretical and computation based spectroscopic studies of even complicated atomic and molecular systems with utmost accuracy without taking any help of such kind of sophisticated and expensive instruments. Moreover, the interpretation and understanding of every experimental finding needs the knowledge of theoretical background. It is, therefore, essential to carry out theoretical studies beside each and every experiment, wherever possible, to ensure the validity of the experimental findings. Classical mechanics [8] can explain accurately the dynamical features of the objects of relatively large mass and low velocities. But it is not sufficient to describe the interactions among subatomic particles of colliding galaxies. If the velocity of the object is comparable with that of light, one must use Einsteins relativistic mechanics in which the variation of mass with velocity has been taken into consideration. If the mass of the object is very small, the non relativistic quantum mechanics due to Heisenberg and Schrà ¶dinger is applicable. If the mass is very small but the velocity of the object is comparable with the velocity of light, one should use the relativistic quantum mechanics developed by Dirac [9]. Therefore, depending on the mass and velocity of the object, one should employ the appropriate mechanics for determining its dynamical features. The computations of large systems may, therefore, be carried out by using appropriate mechanics. Because of the advancement of the computer hardware and software technology, one can easily carry out these computations. Sometimes, huge computations may have to be performed in this connection. One has to solve 2nd order differential equations with several million variables. However, suitable techniques are available to reduce the size of the secular equations drastically at the cost of some accuracy and hence large-scale computations can be performed successfully. The electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of atoms, molecules and solids can be determined from quantum mechanical solutions [10-14] of the systems. Atoms and molecules in the electronic structure theory are in stationary states. The time dependence of the wave function can thus be separated so that one needs to work only with time-independent solutions. Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which allows the nuclei to be in fixed co-ordinates during the motion of electrons, is usually employed for the calculation of the electronic structure of molecules. It is, therefore, possible to carry out calculations on specific molecules of physical and chemical interest with the aim of getting structural aspects and spectroscopic properties which otherwise may not be obtain from the experimental work. In many cases, the experimental data may be interpreted from the computational results. The velocity of the interacting particles in lighter atoms and molecules is considered to be negligible compared to the velocity of light. So, one may not include the relativistic effects as they are negligibly small. But for the calculations of the heavier atoms and molecules, the relativistic corrections are needed and hence one must use the relativistic quantum chemistry [15-17]. It requires a modification of the non relativistic Hamiltonian with various relativistic correction terms such as mass-velocity correction, spin-orbit correction, Drawin correction, Breit interaction etc. Actually, after the discovery of the theory of special relativity, relativistic effects on the electronic spectra of atoms and molecules become very much important. The relativistic effects are prominent on the electronic spectra of those molecules / their ions for which the nuclear charges of the constituent atoms are large i.e. when atoms with high Z are present. So, in order to obtain accurate spectro scopic features of heavy or moderately heavy molecules / their ions, one must take the various relativistic effects into account in an efficient way. A number of algorithms have been developed in recent years in these connections along with enormous enhancement in computing power. Therefore, the challenge is to exploit these developments to perform the high level computation based theoretical researches work which becomes an alternative to the experimental physical chemical researches. References [1] L. Pauling, E.M. Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1935. [2] H. Eyring, J. Walter, G. E. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1944. [3] J. P. Lowe, Quantum Chemistry , Academic Press, New York, 1978. [4] D. A. Mcquarrie, Quantum Chemistry, University Science, Mill Valley Calif, 1983. [5] P. W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983. [6] F. L. Pillar, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990. [7] I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry, Printice-Hall, N. J. , 1991. [8] H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addition-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1950. [9] P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, Oxford, 1958. [10] R. G. Parr, Quantum Theory of Moleculer Electronic Structure, Benjamin, New York, 1963. [11] J. A. Pople, D. L. Beveridge, Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970. [12] J. N. Murrell, A. J. Harget, Semiempirical Self-Consistent-Field Molecular Orbital Theories of Molecules, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971. [13] R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Diatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1977. [14] R. S. Mulliken, W. C. Ermler, Polyatomic Molecules, Academic Press, New York, 1981. [15] P. PyykkÓ §, Relativistic Theory of Atoms and Molecules, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, 1986. [16] K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part A. Theory and Techniques, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997. [17] K. Balasubramanian, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry Part B. Applications to molecules and Clusters, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1997.

The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay -- Lowering the Drinking Age

There are numerous problems involving alcohol in the world today, including alcoholism, drunk driving, and alcohol poisoning leading to death. Many of these problems involve minors and are linked to drinking underage. The legal drinking age in many states is twenty-one years old. The purpose of this law is to keep minors out of danger: away from drunk driving, alcohol poisoning, and injuring the brain before it is fully developed. The government supports the belief that people are not ready or responsible enough for alcohol until this age. However, various professors and researchers are discovering ways to disprove this belief. These people think that reducing the drinking age to eighteen would influence our country in a positive way. Not only do minors support this idea, but there are numerous people and organizations that support the idea of lowering the drinking age as well. The current drinking law is counterproductive in our society because it’s not effective in eliminating underage drinking, and leads to unsafe situations such as drunk driving and alcohol poison instigated deaths. This problem could be solved by lowering the minimum drinking age to eighteen, with a drinking license. â€Å"Either we are a nation of lawbreakers, or this is a bad law†, says John McCardell, author for the Greenhaven Press (McCardell, 2012). What McCardell is referring to is the law barring the consumption of alcohol in individuals under the age of twenty-one in the United States. John McCardell is the former president of Middlebury College, and he is also the founder of the Choose Responsibly group (Baldouf, 2007). This group is a nonprofit organization that travels around the country sharing McCardell’s proposal about the drinking age... ...m http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/cqoped.html Fennell, R. (2007, December). Drinking Is Fun. Retrieved May 2014, from Academic OneFile: http://go.galegroup.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DA- McCardell, J. (2012). The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered. (G. Press, Producer) Retrieved May 2014, from Gale Virtual Reference Library: http://go.galegroup.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL Rotunda, M. (2004). Prohibition. Retrieved May 2014, from CREDORreference: http://www.credoreference.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/entry/rutgersnj/prohibition Underage Drinking. (2005). Retrieved 2014, from Alcohol News: http://www.alcoholnews.org/Underage%20drinking.html Why 21? (2011). Retrieved May 2014, from MADD: http://www.madd.org/underage-drinking/why21/

A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric

A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric 001.png">ABsTRaNutmeg State—Thymineheincreasinanogramdemandfield-grade officerRsofttungstenarhenium QUalitymvitamin EasUrvitamin Emvitamin ENational Trusts HasledTOvitamin EtenTnutsIVvitamin ERvitamin Esvitamin EaRdegree CelsiussHIntosofttungstenarheniummvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree CelsiusssaneodymiumTheDelawaresVELOPmvitamin ENTOdegree FahrenheitsOdegree FahrenheitTtungstenarheniummvitamin ETricexcessivelycubic decimeters.CReating degree CelsiusOmPONvitamin ENational TruststungstenhicharheniumRvitamin EUsable issvitamin Evitamin ENasONeOdegree FahrenheitThebesT Pradegree CelsiussTiceininvitamin DUsTrytovitamin Day.ThymineOdegree CelsiussRvitamin Eatvitamin ERvitamin EUsabledegree CelsiussOmPONvitamin ENational TrustsThe depenvitamin Dvitamin Ency beTtungstenvitamin Evitamin ENvitamin Eachdegree CelsiussOmPONvitamin ENational TrustsHOuldbeascubic decimeterOtungstenas POUS Secret ServiceIBlupus erythematosus.Hydrogenencvitamin E,TOmaintainhighQUalitysofttungstenaRvitamin E, de Vvitamin Ecubic decimeterOpers needTOsTRhode IslandVvitamin Efield-grade officerRacubic decimeterOtungsten–degree CelsiussOUPledaneodymiumHIghlydegree CelsiussOhesIVvitamin EDelawaressIgN.Holmiumtungstenvitamin EVvitamin ER,asmnutTIOnedbymaNew YorkRvitamin Esvitamin EaRdegree Celsiusshers,degree CelsiussOUPcubic decimeterInanogramaneodymiums cOhesIONmvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree Celsiussscubic decimeterackfield-grade officerRmacubic decimeteraneodymiumsTaNvitamin Dardized Delawaresdegree FahrenheitinITIONaneodymiumTHUsfield-grade officerRvitamin Eachmvitamin ETricThereismOrheniumTHaNONeinterpretatION.ThymineHIsPaperINational TrustRovitamin DUdegree Celsiussvitamin EsOUrVIelectronic warfareOdegree Fahrenheitmvitamin EasUrvitamin EmentOdegree Fahrenheitdegree CelsiussOUPcubic decimeterInanogramfield-grade officerRJavaProjvitamin Edegree CelsiussTsaneodymiumOUrImPcubic decimetervitamin EmnutcheapnessIONaPPRoach.COUPLiNgmvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree Celsiusssarheniumdegree Celsiu ssalculaterectile dysfunctionaTchlorineasslupus erythematosusVELbydegree CelsiussONsideringThe rvitamin Ecubic decimeteratIONshelloPs beTtungstenvitamin Evitamin ENThemvitamin ETHOvitamin DsOdegree FahrenheitchlorineaUS Secret ServiceEs.AluminumsO,itis hundredOmPaRvitamin Evitamin DtungstenithEastern Timeablisheddegree CelsiussOUPLiNgmvitamin ETricCalciferolIThymine,aneodymiumitisfield-grade officerUNvitamin DTHaTPrOPOserectile dysfunctionmvitamin ETricIsmOrhenium Rvitamin ELiaBlupus erythematosusaneodymiumadegree Celsiussdegree CelsiussUratvitamin E. INvitamin Dex Terms—COUPLiNg,ChlorineassDisilverRam,maintenance,DIThymine,softtungstenarheniumQUalitY. I.INTRODUCTION The term â€Å"coupling† was foremost used in package technology by Stevens et Al. [ 1 ] in the yearss when structured scheduling was the norm. It was defined as â€Å"the step of the strength of association established by a connexion from one faculty to another† . In the context of object-oriented design, yoke is seen in footings of how one category is connected to another. Matching indicates the dependence of a category on the other category. High dependence may diminish reusability of the category and increase care attempt. A turning figure of dependences indicate an increasing likeliness for the functionality of the category to be broken by alterations made to other categories. Changes in one category might take to ruffle consequence. Besides, high yoke will take to more testing attempts and more clip spent on proving. Low yoke and high coherence facilitate comprehension activities, proving attempts, reuse, and care undertakings. Hence, there is a demand to cipher m atching automatically to cut down the measuring attempt, subjectiveness and possible mistakes. This paper introduces a manner to calculate matching prosodies. Since yoke is the grade of interaction between categories, the basic thought underlying all matching prosodies is really simple: number how many interclass interactions there are in the system. Nevertheless there is considerable fluctuation depending on what counts as an interaction, how the numeration is done and how the sums are normalized. StRnutgtHOdegree Fahrenheitdegree CelsiussOUPLiNg Besides the figure of dependences, every dependence has a certain strength associated with it. The strength of a dependence indicates how interconnected these two categories are. A high value for strength means two categories use each otheraˆYs methods and/or types really often. As a consequence, take downing matching between two categories that are strongly coupled is more complex. The strength of yoke is influenced strongly by the manner two categories are coupled:GramOvitamin Dchlorineass– In this instance there is merely a individual category. Multiple categories are merged into one doing a individual category. This type of yoke is the strongest as all methods/properties of the category can be called. A god category will typically hold low coherence as unrelated categories are merged into one. Chlorineass–chlorineassBivitamin DangerNutmeg StateIONacubic decimeter– Two different categories which are dependent bi-directionally. This yoke is still really strong as a alteration in a individual category might ensue in a alteration to the other category. This type of matching is less strong compared to the god category as the communicating is re-strained to the public api ( application programming interface ) of the category. Chlorineass–chlorineassUNIdahoIRvitamin Edegree CelsiussTIONacubic decimeter– Two different categories with one category being dependent upon the other. This type of matching is less strong compared to the bidirectional yoke because lone alterations to the one category potentially alter functionality of a different category. The undermentioned facets of a dependence besides affect the strength of yoke: NitrogenUmberOdegree Fahrenheitinteradegree CelsiussTION– Two categories that are coupled but the sum of yoke is minimum have a less strong yoke compared to two categories with a batch of interactions. Because the increased figure of interactions it becomes more complex to divide the two categories doing them coupled more strongly. This paper proposes a yoke metric which is based on interaction between category methods. The matrix developed utilizing the proposed attack can be used to find bidirectional or uni- directional interaction. Besides, this matrix can be easy verified through category diagram. II.STATE – OF- THE- Art Survey of the Troy and Zweben [ 2 ] on matching suggests that the yoke is one of the most important properties impacting the overall quality of the design. No by and large accepted metric exists for matching ; nevertheless, by and large, it is accepted that excessively much yoke in a design leads to increased system complexness [ 3 ] ; hence, high yoke is considered as unsought belongings. Following describes some of the known attempts that are made for mensurating yoke. Yourdon and Constantine define the yoke as a grade of mutuality between faculties [ 4 ] . Bansiya [ 5 ] besides defines matching as a dependence of an object on other objects in a design. He uses DCC ( Direct Class Coupling ) metric that counts the figure of categories that a category is straight related to. This metric includes the categories straight related by property declaration and message passing ( parameter list ) in methods. Chidamber and Kemmerer [ 6 ] have besides discussed the yoke in the context of OO paradigm, in their sentiment ; two categories are coupled ; if the method of one category uses any method or case of other category. CBO ( Matching between object categories ) prosodies counts the figure of conjugate categories. In CBO metric, a category is coupled to other category if it uses the method or property defined in other category. CBO gives insight into of import facets of package design. Excessive CBO does non advance reuse as an object relies excessively to a great extent on another to be reused independently. If inordinate yoke is found between objects it is advised to cut down the sum of matching through refactoring. If non, alterations to the conjugate objects in the hereafter could ensue in relationships being modified that are unexpected. Making mock objects to prove within the conjugate objects besides provides extra complexnesss between objects further increasing the boundlessly hard job of proving a system. However, CBO metric does non separate among different types of interactions between two categories. Briand et Al. [ 7 ] present a package metric suite which accounts for class-attribute, class- Montazeri [ 11 ] argue that matching between two categories should be multi-faceted instead than being a remarkable relation. In other words there should be many facets taken into history when mensurating the matching relationship between categories within a system. To capture the run-time analysis of matching which can alter because of the polymorphism – an array of dynamic matching prosodies have been proposed. Beszedes et Al. [ 12 ] proposed a Dynamic Function Coupling ( DFC ) metric to capture the propinquity of maps on the run-time stack to foretell change-proneness and impact sets. Hassoun et Al. [ 13 ] prove the construct of dynamic yoke and that it is so a new dimension of matching between objects within a run-time environment. They find that polymorphous systems demonstrate less matching overall compared to an indistinguishable system that does non utilize polymorphism. Arisholm [ 14 ] introduces a dynamic yoke suite to mensurate run-time behaviour of a system and happen similar consequences to Emam et Al. [ 15 ] in that the best prosodies among the suite were those that dealt with export. III.PROPOSED APPROACH Class yoke is calculated by mensurating the dependence relationships between methods of different categories considered. Depending on the maps calls made to methods of different category, we have came up with matching metric. Matching between categories is shown is signifier of matrix [ I ] [ J ] where I and J are both symbolic Numberss for categories. matrix [ I ] [ J ] = Number of times the „class iaˆY calls the maps of „class jaˆY . Using this matrix, we can besides cipher entire yoke as: method, and method-method relationships and show that there is correlativity between these matching measurings with fault- proneness. In add-on, they inject that the usage of friend within C++ ThymineOTacubic decimeterdegree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree Fahrenheitadegree Celsiusscubic decimeterassIiˆ? Nitrogen i?? Jiˆ?1 maTRIten[I] [J] NitrogeniˆÂ ­1 where N is to can increase the fault-proneness of categories even more than other types of yoke. Binkley and Schach [ 8 ] propose a Yoke entire figure of categories. Besides, the mean yoke for a undertaking can be calculated as: Dependency Metric which measures alteration and fault-proneness at a finer grain compared to other prosodies that restrict their range to the category degree. Fenton and Pfleeger [ 9 ] recognize yoke as a pair-wise measuring of the faculties. They have discussed about Nitrogen AveRsilvervitamin Edegree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree FahrenheitPROJEuropean UnionTiˆ? i?? Jiˆ?1 where N is entire figure of categories. degree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree Fahrenheitacubic decimetercubic decimeterdegree Celsiusscubic decimeteraUS Secret Servicevitamin Es Nitrogen mensurating the yoke on ordinal graduated table and they have classified the yoke in six pair-wise faculty relationships on ordinal graduated table. To mensurate matching, an thought of set of categorization of pair-wise relationships between faculties x and Y is used ; get downing from relation R0, R1, R2 to Rn. Relationss are subscripted from the least dependent at the start and the most dependent at the terminal, so that Ri & A ; gt ; Rj for I & A ; gt ; j. Modules x and Ys are said to be the slackly conjugate if one value is someplace in the start ( near to zero ) and modules tens and Ys are said to be tightly coupled if one value is someplace in the terminal ( near to n ) . In [ 9 ] , they have non described their Model for mensurating matching in footings of OO paradigm. Most of OO prosodies to mensurate matching are the numeration prosodies, which counts the figure of times a category establishes an OO relationship with other category. Liu and Xu [ 10 ] have proposed an object-oriented metric suite that measures the magnitude of matching between categories and show that their suite offers a new dimension of measuring complementing other prosodies. Hitz and The elaborate model of the proposed metric calculation is shown in figure 1. The procedure of computation of this matrix and its confirmation can be divided into four stages: – Phase 1 purposes at developing the information constructions need for farther computations. The information constructions ( List ) developed aid in designation of methods, categories to which they belong and the bundles to which they belong. Phase 2 purposes at designation of tuple ( naming map, naming category, called map, called category ) for each map call made inside maps of a category In stage 3, the procedure of stage 2 is repeated for each category nowadays in undertaking.The matrix [ I ] [ J ] is developed in this stage In stage 4, the confirmation of consequence against category diagram is done by formalizing that each non-zero value in matrix implies a connexion between two matching categories. Fig. 1.Framework of Proposed Approach IV.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE There is a Java Project ‘Product Tree ‘ holding categories: Custom Dialog, Dynamic Tree, Dynamic Tree Product and Product. Class diagram of ‘Product Tree ‘ is shown in figure 2. A.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E1: LithiumsTvitamin Dvitamin EVELoperectile dysfunction 1 ) Classs along with their bundles: Fig. 2.Ccubic decimeterassDisilverRamOdegree Fahrenheit‘PhosphorusRoductTRvitamin Evitamin E ‘ GetProductText = Product, componentShown = CustomDialog, SetProduct = Product, GetProductType = Product, GetProduct=Product, main=DynamicTreeProduct, actionPerformed { Merchandise = prdtree, DynamicTree = prdtree, CustomDialog = prdtree, DynamicTreeProduct = prdtree } 2 ) List of method along with their categories: – { clearAndHide=CustomDialog, getHash=DynamicTree, windowClosing=CustomDialog, SetHashCode=Product, Product= Product, cretatAndShowGUI = DynamicTreeProduct, CustomDialog=CustomDialog, DynamicTree = DynamicTree, DremoveCurrentNode=DynamicTree, edit = DynamicTree, =DynamicTreeProduct, GetProductSymbol=Product, GetProductName = Product, getProduct = CustomDialog, GetHashCode=Product, DynamicTreeProduct=DynamicTreeProdu Nutmeg State, propertyChange = CustomDialog, addObject = DynamicTree } 3 ) List of get downing Lines Numberss of method inside category file: – { Merchandise = [ 9, 14, 17, 22, 25, 28, 31, 36, 39 ] , DynamicTree = [ 21, 36, 47, 56, 111, 125, 130 ] , CustomDialog = [ 30, 35, 78, 91, 104, 109, 171 ] , DynamicTreeProduct = [ 25, 54, 115, 130 ] } . Bacillus.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E2: ThymineaKINgvitamin ExamPlupus erythematosusOdegree FahrenheitDysprosiumNamicTREE The map call to GetHashCode ( ) is found at the line figure 77,92 and these figure lies between 56 and 111 in list 3, therefore matching by sing the list 4 for Dynamic Tree, we can place the naming map – removeCurrent Node ( ) . Besides, utilizing List 2, we identify that GetHashCode ( ) belong to category Product. Hence, Called category, called map, naming category, naming map , no. of times call is Product, GetHashCode ( ) , DynamicTree, removeCurrentNode ( ) and 2 severally. C.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E3:COUPLiNgMeteraTRnine The yoke matrix obtained for this undertaking is shown in tabular array I. Table I: Matching Matrix for ‘ProductTree ‘ TABLE II: Proposed Coupling and DIT For Different UndertakingsPhosphorusROJvitamin ENutmeg StateAvg. CalciferolInformation technologyAvg. CouPLinanogramKea1.680.17Anagram3.750.42Lamistra1.330.16JavaOperation1.750.09ProductTree4.300.92Besides a comparative graph is drawn to analyse the behaviour of proposed matching metric and DIT, as shown in Figure 3. 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Avg. DIT Avg. Matching n the first row the value 2 in cell ProductTree [ CustomDialog ] [ Product ] implies that Custom Dialog calls 2 maps of Product which are viz. ( as confirmed from codification ) – GetHashCode ( ) , GetProductSymbol ( ) . Other nothing values in the row implies that no map of other categories is used in Custom Dialog. D.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E4:Volteridegree FahrenheitIntelligence CommunityaTiONAgaINsTdegree Celsiusscubic decimeterassvitamin DIsilverRamvitamin Echlorineassvitamin DIsilverRam As evident from the category diagram, 1.Class Custom Dialog is merely dependent on category Product, therefore verifying the non zero value in Product column and other nothing values in row 1. 2.Class DynamicTree is merely dependent on category Product, therefore verifying the values in row 2. 3.Class DynamicTreeProduct is dependent on CustomDialog, DynamicTree and Product which is besides implied from row 3. 4.Class Merchandise in non dependent on any of other categories therefore all zero value in row 4 are right. V. RESULTS AND COMPARITION ANASYSIS To analyse the truth of proposed metric, the norm of proposed yoke and Depth of Inheritance Tree ( DIT ) is computed and compared for five big size Java based Open Source Software ( OSS ) . Comparative consequences are shown in Table 2 PhosphorusRojedegree CelsiussTNitrogenamvitamin E Fig. 3.Comparative Graph for Avg. Proposed Coupling and Avg. DIT Figure 3 shows that proposed matching gives more accurate value of matching since it considers heritage relationship along with other dependences like association, generalisation while DIT merely considered the heritage relationship between the categories. VI.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In decision, the attack developed in this paper provides a manner to develop prosodies for matching at category degree. The metric can easy be verified through category diagram. The consequence can besides be used to analysis the undertaking and develop suggestion to better its yoke. The attack is developed into codification merely for Java undertakings. In future, we aim to develop the merchandise for other common linguistic communications like C # , C++ etc. Besides,calculation of matching at higher degrees, bundle degree will be done to demo how faculties of undertakings are dependent on each other. The constructs of polymorphism will be taken into consideration for future enterprises. VII. Reference [ 1 ] .W. Stevens, G. Myers, and L. Constantine. Structured design. IBM Systems Journal, 13 ( 2 ) :115-139, 1974. [ 2 ] . D.A. Troy and S.H. Zweben, â€Å" Measuring the Quality of Structured Designs, † Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1981, pp. 113 – 120. [ 3 ] .Harrison R. , Counsell S. , Nithi R. , â€Å"Coupling prosodies for object- oriented design† , Journal: Software Metrics Symposium, Metrics 1998. Fifth International pages: 150-157, 1998. [ 4 ] .Yourdon, E and Constantine, L.L. , Structured design, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1979. [ 5 ] . J. 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