Muslim Women Living In A Westernized Society Theology Religion Essay

Muslim Women Living In A Westernized Society Theology Religion Essay The accompanying exploration report was mentioned and conceded by Philip Broster, The Business Communication speaker at the Tertiary School in Business Administration, for 8 October 2012. Consent was conceded by Philip Broster to direct research on the discussion in regards to the wearing of hijab and the western weights of this felt by Muslim ladies who learn at TSiBA Education. His particular directions were to: Incorporate an exploration report dependent on the past examination proposition to investigate the discussion in regards to the hijab and the weights felt by Muslim ladies at TSiBA. Present a writing survey just as discoveries in a composed report and to finish up by distinguishing a relationship, if any , between the writing and the discoveries of the examination. The report is to be submitted on the 8 October 2012. List of chapters Presentation Subject of the examination The Debate Regarding the Hijab, Investigating the Pressures Felt by Muslim ladies living in a Westernized Country: A TSiBA contextual analysis. Foundation to the examination Writing on this theme is bounteous as exploration has been led internationally on the subject of the hijab concerning the reasons why ladies ought to and ought not wear the hijab. The exploration led was made conceivable using studies, meetings, polls and perceptions. Katherine Bullock specifically, a Canadian people group extremist, writer and speaker did broad exploration on the subject of the hijab and distributed her discoveries as a book called Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil which challenges Historical and Modern Stereotypes. She has likewise distributed articles on Muslim ladies and the media, and Islam and political hypothesis. Motivations behind the exploration The goals of the examination are to look at if the predominant negative Western recognition influences the reasons why the Muslim people group is partitioned regarding the matter of hijab. This examination tends to the worry for an exchange that could educate westernized social orders about the individual reasons why some female Muslim understudies wear hijab and why others don't. I need my examination to be significant, pertinent to nearby networks and to open my psyche and that of others by being educated through exploration and individual meetings about the subject. Degree and confinements This examination was directed in an extremely brief timeframe with an exceptionally little example bunch as the pool of members was restricted to the Muslim understudies at TSiBA Education. The informational index is significant, however not delegate of the immense scope of Muslims in various settings. It will anyway show a decent variety of perspectives inside a typical philosophy and confidence. A progressively sizable example inside the objective gathering would have given a bigger and increasingly decisive measure of information. This can have an inclination that favors the informed and the young people of Cape Town. Another restriction of my investigation was that the entirety of the members had a place with one ethnic gathering being from the race viewed in South Africa as Colored. This was because of the reality TSiBA Education is a generally little college whose Muslim female populace is a small amount of the all out understudies of which there were no Muslim ladies from an a lternate race or culture. The exploration led could have profited by an increasingly various pool of candidates. Plan of advancement This exploration report was accumulated in the accompanying way. Right off the bat I give my writing survey which I set up to investigate what has recently been composed on the subject so you and I may gain from it and know about it as we approach this exploration. Also I made an overview type of 3 pages in length that contained significant inquiries which I got from the way toward arranging the writing audit. Thirdly, At irregular I chose 10 Muslim ladies learning at TSiBA to be my members and finished by directing my study about every single one of them. Finally, I investigated the information got from the studies and make this data accessible to you while likewise contrasting my examination discoveries with the discoveries got from my writing survey. Strategy Writing survey The principal bit of work I did was leading examination on the subject of the hijab so as to aggregate a writing audit. My writing survey took a lot of time comparable to what extent the genuine exploration requested. Data was plenteous with respect to the subject of hijab, modernization, the predominant Western recognition and the medias job in the depiction of Muslim ladies that I discovered it especially testing to filter out significant focuses from the all data accessible. My writing survey saw two meetings of altering with my Communications instructor who helped me build and sorted out the significant data once I recognized it. Cooperation The objective gathering for the exploration was at first 20 South African Muslim ladies between the ages of 18 and 40. This age bunch was the objective of this examination since they were the current age of TSiBA understudies and were encountering present day South Africa in when it appeared there was a consistently expanding deluge of Western culture after Apartheid. The age bunch is additionally liable to incorporate hitched ladies who may be slanted to ponder the hijab as their marriage would have changed the way each takes a gander at the hijab. The members of my exploration were all female as I had trusted, yet sadly every one of them had a place with one ethnic gathering being from the race viewed in South Africa as Colored. There were 2 hitched ladies, and 8 unmarried ladies. 5 of them wore hijab and 5 of them were ladies who decide not to. Technique for information assortment One technique for getting information was utilized. The examination draws on subjective information from far reaching studies directed on 10 Muslim understudies with respect to hijab. The review was developed in a way that it took understudies roughly 5 minutes to finish. After a wide range of drafts of the overview I went to the Tertiary School in Business Administration (TSiBA) Education to disperse the last form. My review incorporated the assessments of both young ladies who wear the hijab and those that don't. I didn't request names in any area of the review to guarantee the namelessness of all my human subjects. At long last I gathered 10 overviews in complete which was a littler example bunch than I had at first trusted. In the wake of social event the studies, I broke down the outcomes physically. Writing REVIEW Presentation The discussion in regards to the wearing of strict clothing in broad daylight, explicitly covers worn by Muslim ladies has expanded in the course of recent years bringing about a great deal of contention among the individuals who concur with the training and the individuals who don't (iqraonline.net). Hijab is seen everywhere throughout the world, particularly in places with a high grouping of rehearsing Muslims. The hijab has brought about serious media questions and now means the distinction of societies. The French, alongside the west expected that the hijab would die into history as westernization and secularization flourished. Be that as it may, in the Muslim world, particularly among the more youthful age, an extraordinary influx of coming back to hijab was spreading through different nations. This current resurgence is a declaration of Islamic recovery (Nakata, 1994). The Topic of Hijab External to South Africa The perspectives on women's activists The Western media and women's activists frequently depict theâ hijabâ as an image of abuse and bondage of ladies (www.al-islam.org). A hypothesis of Orientalism has been in presence since 1978 which contends that the Muslim populace is esteemed in reverse, unrefined creatures who are outsiders in Western culture (Said, 1978). Numerous women's activists, both Western and Islamic contend that the hijab is an image of sex abuse and that the Islamic veiling of ladies is a severe practice. Fadel Amara, an Islamic women's activist and Muslim female individual from French government portrays the burqa as a jail and a restraint which isn't strict yet is the image of a domineering political task for sexual disparity (King, 299.). Women's activists contend that open nearness and perceivability is imperative to Western ladies. This covers sexism and bigotry just as there are two contentions made by women's activists who are isolated on the subject of the hijab. a) The contention of persecution One contention is for hijab to be prohibited in broad daylight as they support the provocation of ladies who are disclosed and on the grounds that open nearness and perceivability speaks to their battle for monetary autonomy, sexual office and political investment. In the Western culture, famous people are viewed as pioneers characterizing what is adequate. The hijab is subsequently likewise observed as an issue since it presents challenge to the perspective on offbeat perceivability and opportunity of self-articulation. (www.theage.com). In spite of the fact that the facts confirm that numerous ladies do decide to wear the hijab, it isn't the situation for all ladies. In many Middle Eastern and North African nations ladies are constrained, mistreated and mishandled for resistance with the hijab. This was exhibited in Pakistan where a fanatic murdered a womens dissident and government serve since she wouldn't wear the hijab. Ruler states, From Afghanistan to Algeria to Sudan, Pakista n and Iran-ladies are methodicallly brutalized and trapped in a savage crossfire between the common and fundamentalist powers. Some Islamic women's activists contend that despite the fact that the announcement in the Quran about ladies covering themselves was not intended to persecute ladies, the understanding of those stanzas by Islamic social orders does in certainty mistreat ladies. Despite the fact that it very well may be contended that the hijab is an image of the persecution that happens against ladies in Islam, numerous Islamic ladies dont concur. The facts demonstrate that under some Islamist rule, explicitly in some North African nations, Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia ladies are mistreated and compelled to wear the hijab, yet in a global setting, this is the special case to the standard with respect to

Parkinsons Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Parkinsons Disease - Essay Example As indicated by the article Parkinson’s malady discoveries, typically the patient experience â€Å"resting† tremor. The tremor, notwithstanding, may vanish when the patient moves intentionally and when he rests. Different manifestations incorporate unbending nature of cogwheel type which is because of firmness and expanded muscle tone (Miller and Stein 2000). What occurs with inflexibility is that the sign originating from the cerebrum is upset along these lines the muscle stays strained and contracted. Accordingly, the patient may feel torment when he moves. The muscle likewise becomes frail in light of the fact that the contradicting muscle is loose with the equivalent adjusted cerebrum signal. The patient may likewise encounter bradykinesia described by moderate programmed development (Stein and Miller 2000). The development could be unusual. At one time the development is simple however different occasions it could be troublesome requiring help. This makes the basic action like dressing or washing sets aside effort for a patient. Stooped stance is likewise clear with Parkinson patients portrayed by inclining forward and in reverse. Having this sort of unsteadiness may prompt impeded parity and coordination which may cause fall or knocks. As the illness advances, the patient may likewise create rearranging propulsive step. He may likewise have the casual arm swinging while at the same time strolling with the bowed trunk. In this way a Parkinson tolerant is said to look like a vehicle without a break (Hladysz n. d). The entirety of the condition impacts is a consequence of the overstimulation of the postural muscle of the neck trunk, and upper appendages.

Admissions Numbers vs. Enrollment Numbers - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Admissions Numbers vs. Enrollment Numbers - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Admissions Numbers vs. Enrollment Numbers UGA has just sent out a press release on the Summer/Fall 2009 enrolling class, and we are thrilled to welcome them to campus! This is an incredibly strong group of incoming freshman and transfer students, and we know they will do well on our campus. As I have warned you in the past, though, please be cautious with statistics. For instance, the numbers in the press release are for enrolling students at UGA, not for admitted applicants. At every college, there will be a difference (some big, some small) between the admitted student averages and the enrolling student averages. For example, about 4,700 freshman are enrolling at UGA for the Summer/Fall of 2009. When some people hear we had 18,000 applicants and enrolled 4,700 of them, they calculate these odds and freak out a little bit. But if you look a little deeper, you see that out of the 18,000 applications, we then accepted about 9,000 students, and a little over 4,700 then enrolled. Sounds a little better, right? I would suggest you look at UGAs First-Year Class Profile for more information about our freshman class, and also for some interesting facts about this group. Enjoy!

The Deadly Irony of “The Chaser” - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 504 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Literature Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Short Story Essay Did you like this example? The Deadly Irony of â€Å"The Chaser† John Collier’s â€Å"The Chaser† creates a sense of irony, that when discovered by readers, sends a chill to the spine. This short story compares and contrasts beautiful and energetic youth, versus the almost evil and scary old age. Collier places the tale between two individuals: Alan Austen and an old man. Austen is a lustful youth, who loves his companion, yet he yearns for more. The nameless old man plays an important role by being one who refuses to believe in romance and love. This situation forms a feeling of irony that only very in-depth readers can identify. Collier also uses symbolism, tone and setting to mold an evil and twisted tale. The irony that Collier uses in â€Å"The Chaser† can be identified by most critics as situational irony. This is a form that a majority of authors tend to shy away from. It is obvious to even the untrained eye that situational irony involves the characters and the si tuation that they are in. For example, when the old man says: â€Å"Please a customer with one article, and he will come back when he needs another,†(Collier 1), the reader can find it ironic how he is already enticing young Alan Austen to return and buy the so-called life-cleaner. This The Chaser is referred to as the follow-up potion, or the life-cleaner. Another instance is the cost of the life-cleaner compared to the cost of the love potion. To explain further, this would be like water after whiskey. How is that for irony? The tone and setting of this short story reveals how Collier feels about the old man and his methods of making money. The old mans cynicism and the Alan Austens desire foretell a disastrous ending for the both of them. However, it lasts forever, according to the old man. Symbolism also plays an interesting role in the order of the potions that are bought by victims. Once again, irony can be tied into the setting, for the audience can find it ironi c how an old man who makes thousands of dollars, can live in such a repulsive place. Also, the story talks of dirty buff-colored walls with shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars (Collier 1). Obviously, John Collier does well to show how symbolism is important to the meaning of his story. If a sequel is written by Collier, readers could guess that Austen might realize what will happen if the love potion is given to his sweetheart and change his mind, or he might give it to her and be happy until the end of his days. For example, his concluding words, Au revoir (Collier 3), symbolize an ironic double meaning. The old man knows from experience that Alan will grow weary of this, so he will regret what he has done and will look for a method of escape. This proves to readers that the old man expects the young Alan Austen to return to buy the poison for his wife. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Deadly Irony of â€Å"The Chaser†" essay for you Create order

The Lord Of The Flies - 1111 Words

The Lord of the Flies Research Project While the World War II was in act, Adolf Hitler once incited â€Å"You only have to kick in the door, and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down†(Adolf Hitler). The structure coming down symbolizes the fact that the boys’ structure of order, and civilization came crashing down as well. This is found throughout the book. Adolf Hitler is known for his dictatorship, his exquisite leadership skills, and violent warfares.. He uncovered that leadership skills, are far more powerful than brain power itself. Hitler worked with Nazis on completely banishing the Jews. Jack and Hitler both have a far amount of similar qualities. They both have followers that do what they say right away. While Hitler has his â€Å"Nazis†, Jack has his â€Å"Choirboys.† When the Holocaust was in act, America tried to stop the Germans from making them suffer for so long. Like Ralph, America did not succeed, because Hitler was too powerful. Ralph represents America in the sit uation. Piggy, represents the Jews who suffered a long time from 1947-1956. The courageous novel, â€Å"The Lord of the Flies,† by William Golding is an allegorical book with numerous references to World War II, while Jack represents Hitler, and the Choirboys relate to the Nazis, and Piggy represents the Jews. Germany was a very powerful place that no one could mess with at the time. During World War II, Hitler was found to be convincing, controlling, and cruel. He comes off convincing, by getting theShow MoreRelatedThe Lord Of The Flies1262 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Lord of the Flies Research Paper Evils are what drive all of the negative things in society. Characteristics of evil are all around us in our everyday lives. political leaders, celebrities, People we idolize show characteristics of evil. Even small insignificant roles in society hold certain evils in their motives. 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Rudolf diesel Free Essays

Rudolf Diesel was born on March 18, 1858 in Paris France the second of three children of Elise and Theodor diesel. Diesel spent is early childhood in France but because of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870 his family was forced to leave and moved to London. At 12 years old his parents sent him to live with his aunt and uncle because they wanted him to attend royal country trade school where his uncle was a math teacher and to become fluent in German. We will write a custom essay sample on Rudolf diesel or any similar topic only for you Order Now At age 14 he wrote a letter to his parents saying how he wanted to be an engineer after finishing his education at top f his class, and then he enrolled at the new industrial school of Augsburg. Two years later he received a merit scholarship to attend the Royal Bavarian Polytechnic of Munich which he accepted instead of listening to his parents and starting work. Diesel could not graduate in July 1879 because he fell ill to typhoid (a bacterial disease resulting from ingestion of food or water exposed to feces). While he was waiting to take his exam he got engineering experience at sluzer bros machine works. After graduating in 1880 diesel went to work for his college professor Carl Von Linde o develop a refrigeration and ice factory, and became the director of the plant one year later. In 1890 he moved to Berlin where he started working toward better fuel economy for steam engines, he tried using ammonia vapor to gain his desired fuel economy but the engine blew up during testing. Later he tried to increase fuel economy by using the Carnot cycle which led him to his own theory of compression ignition engines, in these engines the fuel was not put into the cylinder until the end of the compression stroke and the fuel was ignited by the high temperatures from ompression. He obtained multiple patents for his design in the United States and Europe. After boarding a boat in 1913 to attend a meeting he was missing when the boat docked. A couple days later they found his body in the ocean but let the body back to sea after getting his id card and other things he was carrying. I think he was murdered because Hubert akroyd Stuart had put out a patent a couple years before diesel for a compression ignition engine but was told that diesels was slightly different so it was 0k. This is a clear motive for revenge!! How to cite Rudolf diesel, Papers

Business Research Proposal Semi Structured Business

Question: Describe about the Business Research Proposal for Semi Structured Business. Answer: Introduction This research proposal attempts to formalize the requirement of a clinical study in the context of determining the level and type of health adversities faced by the people affected with the pattern of alcoholism and substance abuse. The execution of qualitative study with the utilization of semi-structured interviews warranted for delineating the pattern of the relationship between substance abuse and alcohol addiction and the corresponding disease outcomes. A concise description of the academic literature while indicating the outcomes of previous studies related to alcoholism and substance abuse presented for the consideration of the research community. Potential gaps in the academic literature and requirement of a prospective study in elevating the awareness of the masses regarding the poor health outcomes related to substance abuse and alcoholism effectively emphasized through this research proposal. Research Questions Assessment of knowledge and awareness of Australian youngsters regarding the adverse effects of alcohol addiction and substance abuse across the community environment Determination of the level of health risks and diseases of the young individuals affected with alcoholism and substance abuse Aims of the study The preliminary objective of this research study attributes to the identification of significant health risks and disease conditions associated with the pattern of alcohol addiction and substance abuse among the Australian youth. Furthermore, the research study will focus on the scope of elevation of the level of awareness and knowledge of the youngsters regarding the adversities of alcohol addiction and substance abuse. Eventually, the identification of the requirement of increasing substance abuse and alcoholism related knowledge base of the young individuals would assist health professionals in configuring various mitigation strategies for reducing the burden of these adverse conditions across the community environment. Background The findings in evidence-based literature reveal that 60% of the total healthcare expenditure spent by the Australian government in resolving the episodes of drug crime (McDonald, 2011). The pattern of drug addiction is a chronically relapsing condition that results from the compulsive utilization of addictive drugs by the young individuals (Ali, et al., 2011). The pattern of drug addiction among youngsters considerably affects the level of their cognitive ability and mental health (Placeholder1). Adverse outcomes of the deterioration in mental health of the drug addicts include the reduction in their attention, memory, learning, impulse control and reasoning abilities. The drug addiction pattern among the youngsters makes them highly prone towards the development of a craving for drugs derived from adverse psychological outcomes. The addictive drugs like cocaine, amphetamine, opium, alcohol, cannabis and nicotine adversely influence the declarative learning, working memory, attentio n span and cognitive flexibility of the affected youngsters (Placeholder1). The addictive drugs behavior predominantly influences the young individuals from the onset of adolescence and continues to deteriorate their verbal comprehension, auditory and oral arithmetic memory with age advancement. The research findings by (Gould, 2010) indicate the smoking tendency of schizophrenic patients in relation to the enhancement of their sensory stimuli for reducing the pattern of cognitive decline. Some of the schizophrenic patients become nicotine addicts with the objective of decreasing the adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs. In real time scenarios, schizophrenic patients addicted with smoking habit experience the acute psychosocial manifestations and need more frequent medical interventions as compared to schizophrenic patients who refrain themselves from smoking. Evidence-based research literature reveals the adverse socioeconomic outcomes of substance and alcohol abuse among the und erprivileged youngsters in the society (Patrick, Wightman, Schoeni, Schulenberg, 2012). Contrarily, wealthy youngsters do not experience the economic adversities in relation to their substance abuse behaviors; however, the pattern of their marijuana addiction and episodic drinking makes them prone towards the development of debilitating chronic conditions and their adverse manifestations. The research findings by (Ali, et al., 2011)reveal the high risk of the illicit utilization of drugs among teenagers resulting from the factors like inappropriate parental supervision, family conflicts, poor communication and unawareness regarding the adverse effects of drugs misuse among the individuals. The teenagers as well as young individuals affected by substance abuse exhibit the adverse social behavior including the pattern of disrespect and deception for their family members and lies in hiding their illegitimate activities. The findings by (Pompili, et al., 2010) indicate the adverse psyc hosocial consequences experienced by the alcoholic youngsters under the influence of alcohol intoxication and dependence. The research literature reveals the high level of unawareness regarding the adverse effects of alcohol abuse among the parents of the adolescent drinkers (McMorris, Catalano, Kim, Toumbourou, Hemphill, 2011). Indeed, half of the population of adolescent drinkers takes assistance from their parents regarding obtaining alcohol and other addictive substances. This indicates the high requirement of educating the Australian youngsters as well as their parents regarding the adverse psychosocial implications of substance abuse across the community environment. The cultural environment across the Australian subcontinent promotes the high utilization of alcohol among the young individuals (Kelly, et al., 2016). This indicates the requirement of administering culture oriented interventions for reducing the pattern of alcohol addiction and substance abuse by the youngsters . The research findings by (Jones Magee, 2011) indicate the elevated influence of alcohol related advertisements on the pattern of alcohol addiction among young people. Therefore, the mass media also holds the accountability of extensively promoting the alcohol consumption among youngsters while surpassing the detrimental effects of alcohol addiction on the health of the affected individuals. This indicates the high requirement of administration of various promotional strategies for decreasing the level of alcohol consumption among the young individuals in Australia. The clinical conditions like alcoholic liver disease, infectious processes, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neuropsychiatric disease and pancreatic disease are the outcomes of alcohol consumption among individuals (Rehm, 2011). Furthermore, various autoimmune conditions including HIV, AIDS and SLE intensify their adverse manifestations among the affected patients under the influence of alcohol consumption. Th e youngsters affected with neuropsychiatric disorders experience the highest risk of developing alcohol dependence that eventually leads to the deterioration of their mental symptoms (Rehm, 2011). Excessive consumption of alcohol adversely influences the psychomotor abilities of youngsters and makes them prone towards the development of suicidal ideation and intentional as well as unintentional injuries. Alcoholic and drugs addicted youngsters experience the risk of social harm attributing to financial constraints, criminal convictions and unemployment (Rehm, 2011). The research findings by (Sutherland, et al., 2016) indicate the elevated utilization of e-cigarette among the Australian drug addicts in overcoming their habit of smoking. This indicates the willingness of youngsters in defeating their pattern of substance abuse; however, the increase in the level of knowledge and awareness of these individuals regarding the dangers of substance abuse and alcoholism warranted for assist ing them in dropping the habit of drug and alcohol addiction. Significance and innovation of the proposed study The proposed research study will subjectively analyze the drug addiction and substance abuse pattern of Australian youth while correlating the findings with the awareness level of youngsters and their families regarding the requirement of cessation of these adverse behaviors for increasing the wellness outcomes. The analysis of the clinical history of alcoholics and drug addicts will help to identify the percentage of addicted youngsters affected with various acute and chronic illnesses. Expected outcomes/implications for practice The outcomes of the proposed research study expected to be in congruence with the findings of evidence-based academic literature that advocate the requirement of increasing the level of awareness of Australian youngsters and their families for reducing the adverse manifestations of substance abuse and alcohol addiction across the community environment. Methodology The research study will deploy the qualitative sampling method in retrieving the findings of the administered study interventions. The strategic sampling will facilitate the systematic acquisition of data obtained from the execution of semi-structured interviews of the alcoholics, drug addicts as well as healthy youngsters and their families (Schatz, 2012). The data will require incorporation in an electronic database with the deployment of the necessary firewalls and other security measures. The research study will take into consideration the inclusion of 500 young individuals within age group 16 25 years and their family members (irrespective of their ages) for interviewing them in the context of evaluating their awareness level regarding the adverse implications of alcohol abuse and drug addiction across the community environment. Study participants will include the youngsters affected with substance abuse and alcoholism and exclude healthy individuals who do not experience these adverse behavioral tendencies. The interviews with the youngsters and their family members will be conducted individually; however, the participants will also be allowed to engage themselves in interview sessions with the facilitators in focus groups for executing an open discussion on the subject of study (Ayala Elder, 2011). The facilitator will post the open-ended questions during the beginning of the interview sessions in the context of determining their behavioral orientation and inclination towards substance abuse and alcoholism. However, closed-ended questions will be asked until middle to the end of the session for acquiring the specific information regarding the health adversities faced by the alcoholic and drug/smoking addicted individuals. The following questions will be disseminated to participants while utilizing standard Performa; however, the focused group sessions require recording by the facilitators for their subsequent transcription on the standardized format. T he inductive strategy will require utilization for coding the focus group sessions with the effective utilization of psychometrically sound coding systems (Ayala Elder, 2011). This will eventually assist the facilitators in tracking the determinants of the drug/alcohol addictive behaviors of the interviewed individuals. The following series of questions will require configuration on the standardized format and disseminated to the research participants for recording their individualized responses on the topic of substance abuse and alcohol addiction behaviors. Attitude Section Subjective Responses Score Reference Range How do you see yourself in an environment where alcohol and drugs are freely available for entertainment? 0 1 (Minimal awareness and knowledge of the dangers of substance abuse/alcoholism on health and society) 2 3 (Limited awareness and knowledge of the dangers of substance abuse/alcoholism on health and society) 4 5 (Average awareness and knowledge of the dangers of substance abuse/alcoholism on health and society) 6 7 (Satisfactory awareness and knowledge of the dangers of substance abuse/alcoholism on health and society) 8 9 (Good awareness and knowledge of the dangers of substance abuse/alcoholism on health and society) 9 10 (Excellent awareness and knowledge of the dangers of substance abuse/alcoholism on health and society) Do you feel relaxed with your mates and colleagues? What are your academic, cultural and professional achievements until date? What do you think about trusting on people? How do you face stressful events encountered while appearing in exams and searching for jobs? Do you sleep well at night? Knowledge Section What do you understand by alcohol addiction and substance abuse? Do your parents allow you to consume drugs and alcohol at home? How do you feel after consuming the drugs? Do you know if you are suffering from any disease or clinical complication? How many people in your family consume alcohol or drugs? Do you understand the type of medical conditions and social problems you might face in relation to your daily utilization of alcohol and drugs? Do you experience any suicidal or homicidal thought? Are you willing to leave your addictive behavior How many fights you do till the end of your day at home and outside? Are you consuming any antipsychotic medications? Are you aware of your past medical history and history of present illness? If yes, what diseases you have experienced so far? The reference range calculated based on the responses to the questions will determine the knowledge base of the subjects regarding the dangers of alcohol addiction and substance abuse. Furthermore, the responses received from the focus group sessions will determine the health risks and disease conditions experienced by the youngsters in relation to their pattern of substance abuse and alcoholism. The statistical evaluation of the study findings and bias, exploratory factor analysis, generation of confidence intervals and exclusion of confounding factors will be accomplished with the effective utilization of SPSS software application (Larsen Warne, 2010). Trained clinical psychiatrists and mental health workers will execute the collection of information from questionnaires and focus group sessions across the selected geographical location. The study intervention will continue for tenure of 8 days (6 hours per day basis) in the selected research center. Ethical considerations The preliminary requirement of initiating the research study attributes to the acquisition of the informed consent from the human participants (Nijhawan, et al., 2013). The study facilitators require keeping the confidentiality of the protected health information of the entire study participants and should not disclose the same to unauthorized persons under any circumstances in the context of avoiding the scope of data breaches (Liu, Musen, Chou, 2015). Research facilitators must show respect to the study participants and maintain their dignity through the process of study interventions. They should not misrepresent the information and keep transparency and honesty while executing open conversations with the study subjects (Sanjari, Bahramnezhad, Fomani, Shoghi, Cheraghi, 2014). The facilitators should not attempt to enforce their views and perspectives on the study participants and refrain themselves from practicing coercion while obtaining the study findings. The research must av oid personal conflicts with the participants in the context of retaining the precision of the study outcomes. The study facilitators must retain the confidentiality of individual responses of the research participants obtained through interview sessions. Study facilitators require obtaining the approval certificate from the local ethics review board prior to initiating the research interventions on the enrolled subjects (Kaiser, 2009). Facilitators should update the absence of risk of adverse outcomes related to the qualitative interventions to the study participants and inform them regarding the potential health advantages of the study findings for the society in general. The organizers of the research study must ascertain the exclusion of questions related to politically charged matters throughout the course of interview sessions (Peter, 2015). The research study requires execution in a comfortable environment in the context of receiving unbiased responses by the study subjects. Study limitations Limited number of participants included in the research study and the tenure of study intervention is not sufficient to generalize the results on a larger scale. The study revolves around the findings from youngsters while ignoring the pattern of substance abuse and alcoholism among the elderly individuals. In the absence of comparative analysis of study findings between various age groups, the study results require further validation through prospective quantitative research studies for exploring the level of awareness of individuals and mitigating strategies warranted for reducing the burden of substance abuse and alcohol addiction among individuals across the community environment. Administration of the research Study organizers need to shortlist qualified and licensed mental health experts and clinical psychologists for conducting the semi structured questionnaires and focus group sessions with the study participants. The study requires funding from a governmental or non-governmental in relation to the accomplishment of resources allocation, communication channels, electronic database and other miscellaneous expenses. The research study requires accomplishment within tenure of 8 working days and data needs acquisition through interview sessions that will be conducted between 9: 00 am to 6:00 pm on a daily basis. The cost analysis for the project is mentioned-below: Selection of candidates: $ 20, 000 Hiring of research center: $50, 000 Paper work: $10, 000 Methodology: $ 75, 000 Publication of results: $20, 000 Total Cost: $175, 000 Conclusion The research study will identify the knowledge gap of the youngsters and their families regarding the adverse health influences of substance abuse and alcohol addiction habits across the community environment. Resultantly, the study findings will open new pathways for configuring systematic strategies in reducing the burden of disease manifestations related to the pattern of alcoholism, drugs craving and dependence among the young individuals. References Ali, S. F., Onaivi, E. S., Dodd, P. R., Cadet, J. L., Schenk, S., Kuhar, M. J., et al. (2011). Understanding the Global Problem of Drug Addiction is a Challenge for IDARS Scientists. Current Neuropharmacology , 9 (1), 2-7. Ali, S., Mouton, C. P., Jabeen, S., Ofoemezie, E. K., Bailey, R. K., Shahid, M., et al. (2011). Early Detection of Illicit Drug Use in Teenagers. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience , 24-28. Ayala, G. X., Elder, J. P. (2011). Qualitative methods to ensure acceptability of behavioral and social interventions to the target population. Journal of Public Health Dentistry , 71 ((0 1 )), S69S79. Gould, T. J. (2010). Addiction and Cognition. Addiction Science and Clinical Practice , 5 (2), 4-14. Jones, S. C., Magee, C. A. (2011). Exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among Australian adolescents. Alcohol and Alcoholism , 46 (5), 630-637. Kaiser, K. (2009). Protecting Respondent Confidentiality in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research , 19 (11), 1632-1641. Kelly, A. B., Chan, G. C., Weier, M., Quinn, C., Gullo, M. J., Connor, J. P., et al. (2016). Parental supply of alcohol to Australian minors: an analysis of six nationally representative surveys spanning 15 years. BMC Public Health , 16 (325). Larsen, R., Warne, R. T. (2010). Estimating confidence intervals for eigenvalues in exploratory factor analysis. Behavior Research Methods , 871-876. Liu, V., Musen, M. A., Chou, T. (2015). Data Breaches of Protected Health Information in the United States. JAMA , 313 (14), 14711473. McDonald, D. (2011). Australian governments' spending on preventing and responding to drug abuse should target the main sources of drug-related harm and the most cost-effective interventions. Drug and Alcohol Review , 96-100. McMorris, B. J., Catalano, R. F., Kim, M. J., Toumbourou, J. W., Hemphill, S. A. (2011). Influence of Family Factors and Supervised Alcohol Use on Adolescent Alcohol Use and Harms: Similarities Between Youth in Different Alcohol Policy Contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 72 (3), 418-428. Nijhawan, L. P., Janodia, M. D., Muddukrishna, B. S., Bhat, K. M., Bairy, K. L., Udupa, N., et al. (2013). Informed consent: Issues and challenges. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research , 4 (3), 134-140. Patrick, M. E., Wightman, P., Schoeni, R. F., Schulenberg, J. E. (2012). Socioeconomic Status and Substance Use Among Young Adults: A Comparison Across Constructs and Drugs. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 73 (5), 772-782. Peter, E. (2015). The ethics in qualitative health research: special considerations. Cincia Sade Coletiva , 2625-30. Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Innamorati, M., Dominici, G., Ferracuti, S., Kotzalidis, G. D., et al. (2010). Suicidal Behavior and Alcohol Abuse. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 7 (4), 1392-1431. Rehm, J. (2011). The Risks Associated With Alcohol Use and Alcoholism. Alcohol Research Current Reviews , 34 (2), 135-143. Sanjari, M., Bahramnezhad, F., Fomani, F. K., Shoghi, M., Cheraghi, M. A. (2014). Ethical challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: the necessity to develop a specific guideline. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine . Schatz, E. (2012). Rationale and procedures for nesting semi-structured interviews in surveys or censuses. Population Studies , 66 (2), 183-195. Sutherland, R., Sindicich, N., Entwistle, G., Whittaker, E., Peacock, A., Matthews, A., et al. (2016). Tobacco and e-cigarette use amongst illicit drug users in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 35-41.

Aromatherapy Essays (2477 words) - Alternative Medicine,

Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is a ?branch? of herbal medicine that centers on using fragrant substances, particularly oily plant extracts, to alter mood or improve individuals' health or appearance. The alleged benefits of aromatherapy range from stress relief to enhancement of immunity and the unlocking of ?emotions from past experiences.? But skeptics cite a lack of credible supportive studies published in reputable scientific or medical journals. Scents of Well-Being? ?Aromatherapy? is a buzzword used by the cosmetics, fragrance, and alternative-medicine industries. Although the method has ancient roots, proponents did not call it ?aromatherapy? before the 1930s. This expression derives from the French word aromatherapie, coined by Rene Maurice Gattefosse, a chemist whose book of the same name was published in 1928. After a lab explosion Gattefosse conveniently plunged his badly burned hand into a vat of lavender oil. He noticed how well it healed, and thus began the development of modern aromatherapy, which French homeopaths Dr. and Mme. Maury revived in the 1960s. Proponents of aromatherapy maintain that the tools of the trade--wood-resin distillates and flower, leaf, stalk, root, grass, and fruit extracts--contain antibiotics, antiseptics, hormones, and vitamins. Some proponents have characterized essential oils--i.e., oils that are volatile, aromatic, and flammable--as the soul or spirit of plants. Indeed, one of the aromatherapy's premises is that essential oils have a ?spiritual dimension? and can restore ?balance? and ?harmony? to one's body and to one's life. One of its principles, the ?doctrine of signatures,? holds that a plant's visible and olfactory characteristics reveal its ?secret? qualities. For example, because the configuration of the violet suggests shyness, proponents hold that the scent of violets engenders calmness and modesty. Aromatherapy en-compasses topical applications of essential oils, bathing in water to which essential oils have been added, sniffing essential oils, and even ingesting them. Products marketed under the ?aromatherapy? umbrella are legion, including shaving gels, aftershaves, facial cleansers, bath salts, bath soaps, shower gels, shampoos, hair conditioners, ?body masks,? moisturizers, sunscreen preparations, lipsticks, deodorants, candles, lamps, diffusers, pottery, massage oils, massage devices, and jewelry. ?the most common aromatherapy field is aesthetic, the sense of well-being derived from enjoying perfumes, scented candles, baths, and other fragrances,? stated Jane Buckle, R.N.,M.A., who claims the world's first master's degree in clinical aromatherapy, from Middlesex University in London. At the opposite end of the spectrum, says Buckle, ?is medical aromatherapy, also know as aromatic medicine. Practitioners of medical aromatherapy include massage therapists, naturopaths, nurses, and a smattering of medical doctors.? The alleged beneficial effects of aromatherapy are numerous. Supporters claim, for example, that essential oils from lavender or peppermint clears ?negative energy?; that essential oil from bergamot normalizes emotions; that essential oils from roses or sandalwood increases confidence; that essential oils from eucalyptus alleviates sorrow; and that patchouli creates a desire for peace. Essential oils can have side effects, however, and even proponents warn about risks. Essential oils from cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and ginger can burn the skin; ingestion of essential oils from pennyroyal can cause miscarriage. Rapheal d'Angelo, M.D., is a Colorado family practitioner who began incorporating aromatherapy into his practice over two years ago. D'Angelo uses eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil adjunctively in treating respiratory disease. He alludes to ?studies indicating these oils not only have soothing properties, but reduce mucous production, as well as possessing antiviral and antibacterial properties.? But these studies, he adds, ?were conducted in Europe, and the degree of scrutiny and peer review they underwent was not necessarily as high as the usual degree of such in the United States.? Can You Trust Your Aromatherapist? Outside the U.S. aromatherapy is widely accepted. In France, medical students are taught how to prescribe essential oils; in Britain, hospital nurses use aromatherapy to treat patients suffering anxiety and depression and to make terminal-care patients more comfortable. But the science behind aromatherapy is meager, and in the United States no legal standards exist concerning education in aromatherapy, certification therein, or the occupational practice of aromatherapy. Dr. d'Angelo is taking courses offered by the Australasian College of Herbal Studies, a nonaccredited correspondence school in Oregon who six-lesson aromatherapy course leads to a ?Certificate in Aromatherpy.? The school also offers certificate courses in homeopathy; Homeobotanical Therapy, which centers on the use of botanical tinctures that purportedly have been prepared homeopathically; and iridology---so-called iris diagnosis. According to Dorene Peterson, the school's principle: ?In the last 18 months, we've had a seventy-five percent increase in aromatherapy students.? Peterson holds a ?Diploma in Acupuncture? (?Dip ACU?) and two degrees: a baccalaureate and a ?Diploma in Natural Therapeutics? (?DNT?) from New Zealand. She says her school has 400 enrollees, ranging from age 18 to 68 and including ?professionals adjuncting an existing

Thyroid Gland essays

Thyroid Gland essays The thyroid is a gland that controls the growth, metabolism, and cell differentiation. It is located in the neck near the trachea, and secretes the hormones triodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), and calcitonin. The thyroid stimulating hormone level is regulated by a negative feedback system. The pituitary sends a message by TSH to make and release triodothyronine and thyroxin. Calcitionin reduces high calcium levels by making the calcium go to the bone and increasing the amount that goes to the urine. At birth, the thyroid controls the growth of the brain. A thyroid problem can occur if it grows too slow or too fast. If thyroid deficiency is not detected and treated early, the child may develop mental retardation. A thyroid deficiency in childhood will affect his or her body size. It can be prevented by treatment. Hyperthyroidism is the overproduction of thyroid hormones. It causes gradual weight loss, tinned skin, and increased sweating. It affects about three of every thousand people, usually females between the ages of twenty and forty. Hypothyroidism is not producing enough thyroid hormones. It causes weight gain in adults and mental retardation in infants. This affects about one of every thousand men, two of every thousand women, one of fifteen hundred children, and one of every five thousand infants (at birth). Addisons disease is another thyroid problem that consists of dark patches of skin usually around the mouth, nipples, and vagina. A thyroid disease in which the persons skin is thin and easily bruised is Cushings disease. They may also have purple stretch marks on their abdomen and rough, thick, dry skin. Some symptoms of a thyroid deficiency are tiredness, wondering thoughts, and short attention span. ...

Human Resources Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources - Case Study Example It is worth mentioning in this context that an individual is free to do anything as long as he or she does not violate the nation’s constitution. Oiler’s activities, on this basis, can also be argued as the ones that do not violate the nation’s constitution, which lacked any protection for transgender or even did not provide any legal barrier to such activities. Moreover, Peter Oiler has always been punctual, trustworthy, and an exceptionally productive employee. He has always performed his tasks honestly, without giving the management any chance to make any complaints. He has always been working hard for the betterment of the organization and was treated as an asset for the company by his peers. There have been no complaints regarding his discipline or manners at the workplace even before his dismissal. In addition to these facts, even his co-workers did not have any complaints either with his work or with his cross-dressing. It should be noted that Civil rights Acts of 1964, Title VII (Equal Employment Opportunities) prohibits any kind of employee discrimination based on color, sex, race and national origin (National Archives, n.d.). It should be noticed that Peter Oiler was a truck driver in the organization and not the employee of a higher rank; therefore, it can be argued that Winn-Dixie has not only violated the employees’ rights but has also lost one of its loyal and hardworking employees (Texas Woman’s University, 2012). To be precise, the case apparently depicts that the rights of Oiler were violated. Question 2 ‘Employment at-will’ is being followed in many American states by the employers or the organizations to fire their employees and end the employment relationship without any liability, especially in cases which do not involve any defined contract (Texas Woman’s University, 2012). Such practices have often been observed to impose negative impacts on the employees and often de-motivate them fr om giving their best to the organization. It may also result in the decline in their productivity for the organization, distorting its image to a certain extent. In this case, after Peter Oiler’s termination, a fear and a doubt have arose in the minds of the Winn-Dixie’s employees concerning their job security and future – they thought that what had happen with Oiler can also happen to any other employee of the organization. This activity of the organization also raised many questions regarding its trust-worthiness among the employees. It may create tension between the organization and the employees, creating hurdles in the way of the organization to achieve its predetermined missions and objectives. Employees may also stop focusing much on the quality of their performance, which may ruin the overall image of the organization. Even if new ideas are generated among the employees, they may resist communicating them to the management, as they are afraid to lose the ir job. Furthermore, people are likely to resist the interference of any other entity in their personal life without liability. If the organization like Winn-Dixie continues to relate one’s personal life with one’s workplace performances, the employees are likely to consider it as a restriction to their personal space, which can affect the company’

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems Coursework

Health Systems and Healthcare Systems - Coursework Example It left the rest of the underprivileged population either to pay for the healthcare services it sought or to go without health care (Newdick 1995, p. 42). Thereby, it became evident to the then Labor government that the people in the UK were being deprived of even the very basic health care because they simply could not afford to pay for it. Thereby, the guiding philosophy behind the envisagement of the National Health Service was to make healthcare more affordable and to assure that even the marginalized UK citizens got access to affordable healthcare. The thing that needs to be understood is that the coming into existence of the National Health Service in the UK was the outcome of a marked shift in the mindset of the policy-making individuals and institutions with regards to health care. For instance, the contrivance of NHS was guided by the emerging belief that health care happened to be a basic right and did not happen to be a luxury doled out as a matter of charity (Gormley 1999, P. 26). The ruling elites in the UK did come to the agreement that the existent health care system in the UK was in a state of abysmal mess and that a National Health Service was needed to replace this lackadaisical and biased system. The good thing was that the health care infrastructure created during the II World War did help a lot in the creation of a National Health Service in the UK (Gormley 1999). The emergency medical services and the healthcare infrastructure created during the II World War did help a lot in the creation of a pan UK National H ealth Service. The II World War had a cataclysmic impact on the governance in general and on the health care in particular. This planned upheaval did go a long way in the envisagement of a very democratic and egalitarian health care system in the UK.

Impact Of Motivation On Organizational Change Management Essay

Impact Of Motivation On Organizational Change Management Essay This study focuses on a research topic Impact of motivation on organizational change, on the basis of the theories of Research Methodology for Business. The outline of the project will cover: Chapter 1 provides the background of the study underlining main objectives, questions and hypothesis of the study. Chapter 2 focuses on general definitions. Models and theories related to motivation, leadership style influencing motivation at time of change and communication process, methods and models will be reviewed and described. References Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Organizations are marked by constant changes taking place in its orientation, strategies and even structural set up. The workers need to constantly adapt themselves to such changes. This often cause stress on their mindset and affect their work quality. At this juncture it is important to shove away any misconception or doubts and bring back the trust, which is extremely essential for the organizational success. In order to achieve this, internal communication needs to be strong and effective. There is a possibility the motivation in the workforce might be restored through successful communication within the organization. Information Technology provides several options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in meeting the high demand of communication during such time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to face communication also might help a lot to sort out the differences. There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment.   According to Robert E. Hoskisson, Organizational Structure specifies the firms formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision making processes. (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of resources and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination and communication among the organizational hierarchy (Hoskisson, 2008). Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevine. According to them, it is not a dependable source and cannot provide full information and maybe distorted (Harris Hartman, 2002). In the article, Heard it through the grapevine: for communicating during change, facts and tips by Baxter-Southward, an extensive study has been done about grapevine communication- the negatives and the positives, and how to deal with this in organizations. However the right answer can be provided by a proper survey of the opinions of managers and workers. Whether such communication actually restores the faith and motivation and can assist in successful implementation of change will be explored in this research. 1.2 Objectives, research questions and research hypotheses The objective of this study is to deal with the issue relating to organizational behavior and organizational development. This study is to analyze whether the successful communication by the organization to its employees at the time of change will result in the motivated workforce and lead to successful change or not. Additionally, the research will analyze the effectiveness of good leadership and managerial as a means to improve to motivation, productivity, employee job satisfaction and commitment. The core objectives of the study are: To study the components of resistance to organizational change viewed from the workforce. To study the motivational factors to implement change successfully To investigate whether communication is the most critical factor in implementing change Based on objectives identified, the following questions are raised: What are the components of resistance to organizational change? What are the critical motivational factors in implementing change? Is communication the most critical factor in implementing change? Based on objectives, conceptualizing structure for this research has been developed. The main variables are evidently showed through coherent analysis in the structure. Based on this structure, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followings: There is a set of components of resistance to change from the organization development theory. There are critical success factors in motivating workforce to accept change. The communication factor is most critical success factor in implementing change. 1.3 Scope Change is inevitable. Whether an employee is at the higher level of or at the lower level of an organization, one thing the employee can be sure of in the future is that there will be change. In this turbulent environment it is important for the managers to react quickly. Motivation of employees at the time of change via successful communication will lead to successful communication or not will be described. Moreover, it will be analyzed whether communication can or cannot bring a motivated workforce. Further more, the current research will be focused on essence of good leaders in motivating employees and increasing productivity. Chapter 2 2.1 Change and Change Management Success is not just for survival it must be achieved in a world of intense competition, continued globalization, and rapid technology change (Schermerhorn, 1996). Currently change has become the part and parcel of every organization to predict future trends and to forecast the changes that need to be encountered. Change is an ongoing process in every organization and for the organization to be successful and survive in a dynamic environment, it is important to have effective management of human resources(Mullin, 2005). People are the major resource of any organization (MULLINS, 2005). The efficiency of staff, their commitment towards the aims of the organization, and the skills and attitudes they bring to stand on the quality of service offered will undoubtedly affect the overall success of an organization (MULLINS, 2005) So in order to achieve success, it is vital for the organization to develop communication processes, motivation processes and a working environment that will help to ensure that individuals will deliver results in accordance with expectations of management. 2.1.1 Core Principals that revolves around change: According to Bernstein (2003) over 70 % of all organizational change efforts fail to meet expectation and delivered planned results. Before implementing change in an organization it is very important for the leader to understand the difference between the change and the transition process. Additionally, a leader should keep in mind that the success of change implementation process is a key driver of how organization will deal with changes, how changes are directed and administered by the leader. According to Barons Greenberg (1990) there several principals about change: People perception about change Individual barriers to change: Economic insecurity Fear to Unknown Threats to social relationship Habits Failure to recognize need for change Additionally Barons Greenberg (1990) listed the following organization barriers to change: Structural inertia Work group inertia Threat to existing balance of power Previously unsuccessful change efforts According to Bennis, Benne, Chin, R. (1985) there are several key drivers to change: Nature of workforce Competition Technology Economic Shocks Changing social trends World politics 2.1.2Classification of change Table 1-Classification of changes According to Ackerman (1997) there are three types of changes Source: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM06299.html 2.1.3 Organization Change Management Model As per the theory proposed by Kurt Lewin there are three stages in change process as illustrated in Table 2. Figure 1-Kurt Lewins Change model Change_modellewin Source: http://ic-pod.typepad.com/design_at_the_edge/organisational_change/ Table 2-Stages in Change Process Source: http://www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.html The research conducted by Hayes in the year 2002 shows that, most of the change management process models have three phases as illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2-Change management Process Phases Source: http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm 2.1.4 Resistance to Change Figure 2-Resistance to Change Resist.JPG Resistance to change consists of any employee behavior designed to discredit, delay or prevent the implementation of work change. According to Kotter (1996) resistance to change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. Most of actions that are taken to manage change fail due to improper planning and implementation (Coriat, 2002).There are three different types of resistance among employees (Newstrom Davis, 1993) as illustrated in Table 3. Table 3-Types of Resistance Source: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htm According to Kotter Schlesinger (1979) there are four main reasons people in an organization resist change as described in Table 4: Table 4-Reaons for Change Source:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html Kotter Schlesinger (1979) suggested ways to deal with the changes which have been illustrated in Table 5. Table 5-Reaons for overcoming resistance to change Source:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html 2.1.5 Successful change vs. Unsuccessful change A study that is done by the Conference Board of Canada found that 66 percent of organizations that completed streamlining initiatives showed no instantaneous enhance in productivity; more than 50 percent realized no short-term profit improvement and only 30 percent actually lowered costs (Thompson McHugh, 2002). These are astounding figures that would be enough to dishearten any organization contemplating major strategic change. These results are common when organizations focus their change efforts and priorities on processes, finances and structures. There is no fool proof way of making all aspects of organizational change run flawlessly. However by valuing, respecting and communicating with people, by devoting as much effort and attention to the needs of employees, any organization is well on the way to managing change effectively (Sisson, 2002). When people are confronted with the need or opportunity to change, especially when its enforced, as they see it, by the organization, they can become emotional. So can the managers who try to manage the change (Nichols, 2000). Diffusing the emotional feelings, taking a step back, encouraging objectivity, is important to enabling sensible and constructive dialogue. To this end, managers and trainers can find it helpful to use analogies to assist themselves and other staff to look at change in a more detached way. Kotter (1996) identified eight key reasons for successful change as described in Table 6. Table 6-Successful Change Steps Description Increase Urgency Leader should set an example for there employees and should be proactive to the situation. So, that the leader can inspire people and can make real and relevant objectives. Building the guiding team Find a devoted team with right expressive dedication and right mix of skill. Get the vision right Find a team which will follow a simple vision and strategy and work on creative aspects. Communicate for Buy in Involve as many people as you can, communicate transparently and respond to people needs proactively. Use technology in favors of you and not against you. Empower action Eliminate obstacles, allow positive feedback and lots of shore up from leaders reward and recognize progress and achievements. Create short term wins Focus on short terms wins. Manage your initiates accordingly and prioritize your tasks. Finish current stages before jumping into new one. Dont Let up Encourage willpower and perseverance. Encourage ongoing process reporting, highlight achieved and future milestone. Make change stick Strengthen the importance of successful change via recruitment, promotion and new change leaders. Merge change into culture. Source: Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press, 3-15. Additionally Kotter (1996) identified eight reasons of unsuccessful change processes: Allowing too much complacency Failing to build a substantial coalition Not understanding the need for a clear vision Permitting roadblocks against the vision Not planning for short term results and not realizing them Declaring victory too soon Fail to anchor changes in corporate culture 2.2 Role of Communication and Consultation at time of Change One of the common issues faced by the organization while under going change is to find the measures for effective communication with their employees. Leaders communication and consultation is important for every management function. The effective communication and consultation plans results in successful implementation of change. The steps for communication for effective change management have been illustrated in Table 7. Table 7-Steps for Successful Communication Source: http://humanresources.about.com/od/changemanagement/a/change_lessons2.htm 2.2.1Steps in Formal Consultation process Based on Schein (1999) research formal consultation process include following main steps as described in Table 8. Table 8-Steps in formal consultation Source: http://www.goodpracticeparticipate.govt.nz/levels-of-participation/one-off-consultation/steps-in-formal-consultation.html 2.3 Motivation The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations strive to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). In a turbulent environment where changes take place very often, therefore it becomes important for managers to analyze the level of motivation of each employee. Every individual have their own set of reasons to get motivated. Some individuals are motivated by financial factors while others are motivated by non financial factors as illustrated in Figure 3. Motivation can be classified as external or internal motivation. Finishing deadline on time is an example of external motivation. The fear of loosing a job in case of uncompleted task is an example of internal motivation. Both the external and internal motivation is equally powerful. Figure 3-Financial and Non Financial Motivators The four most powerful type of motivation that can influence an individual are listed in Table 9. Table 9-Types of Motivation Human beings are complex in nature, and are usually motivated by a combination of four elements. Figure 4 illustrates 4 types of motivation, which come together to produce four key areas for the managers to focus on when trying to motivate their employees. Figure 4-Four key elements of motivation ` Source : http://www.wishfulthinking.co.uk/2009/02/11/motivation-during-a-recession/ 2.3.1 Major Theories of Motivation Motivation is not only in a single direction i.e. downwards. In the present scenario, where the workforce is more informed, more aware, more educated and goal oriented, the role of motivation has left the boundaries of the hierarchy of management. The Figure below shows the major theories of motivation that can be applied in the working environment as well on the employees to see the impact of motivation on the organization as a whole. Figure 5-Theories of Motivation Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Figure 6-Maslows hierarchy of needs By applying Maslows theory of motivation, modern leaders and managers find way of employee motivation for the reason of worker and workforce management. According to Maslow the humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs and the needs which are at low level should be satisfied initially and then the higher order need should be looked upon. As given in Figure 6 there are five general needs of the humans that should be satisfied before the human start behaving unselfishly. Therefore, in a real work time scenario it becomes important for the leader to understand which needs is currently active for an individual employee motivation. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Figure 7-Hygiene and Motivation factor Source:http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1472-6920-9-49-1.jpg The psychologist Fredrick Herzberg asked the questions from employees in the year 1950s and 60s for understanding employee satisfaction. The results of its finding revealed that there are some factors of a job which are constantly connected to job satisfaction, while dissimilar factors are linked with job dissatisfaction. The hygiene and motivation factors are illustrated in Figure 7. To apply Herzbergs theory, managers need to take up a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, managers need eliminate the dissatisfactions the employees are experiencing and, secondly, managers need to help employees to find satisfaction. Equity Theory/ Social Comparison Theory Figure 8-Equity Theory Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Equity theory states that employee always tend to compare the situation (Outcomes) they get while working in relation to what they invested (Inputs). Additionally they also willing to compare what are the ratio between what they get from what they put in. Moreover people also attempt to compare their input and outputs with their coworkers as illustrated below. Figure 8-Equity Comparison Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm 2.4Summary According to the literature the change must be consulted at the same time practices show that change can only be successful with proper consultation and internal communication process. Literature of this study suggests that it is important to implement changes with proper implementation strategy, internal communication and consultation in order to achieve goals and avoid failed change, poor morale and resistance to further change.

New labour’s rights policies on inclusive education and rights Essay

To realize advantages and shortcomings of inclusive education in practice we have to consider as well whether children’s rights are observed within the context of inclusion as well as to analyse the main provisions of legislative instruments and governmental documents regarding this sphere. This will give us a better insight of what forces act in the process of transition to inclusive education intensively promoted by New Labour government and what effect they have upon children-recipients. Internationally, the UN Convention on the Rights of a Child has established a near global consensus concerning the minimum necessary rights for children: rights to provision, protection and participation – the 3 â€Å"Ps† (Pugh 2005, p. 4). The UK does not stand apart in international processes of providing all children, including the most vulnerable children wit SEN, with the opportunity to exercise these rights. Many observers admit that the election and re-election of more ‘children friendly’ New Labour governments in 1997 and 2001 resulted in significant political development for children’s rights, as an extensive range of new policies and laws affecting the lives of children both directly and indirectly have been promulgated (Foley et al. 2003, p. 38). They include Health Action Zones, The Children’s Taskforce, The Children’s National Service Framework, The National Childcare Strategy, Early Years and Development and Child Care Partnerships, Quality Protects, Removing Barriers to Achievement, Sure Start, Every Child Matters etc. (Pugh 2005, p. 1). Besides, a very important document was adopted in 2001 – a new statutory guidance from New Labour Government â€Å"Inclusive Schooling: Children with Special Educational Needs† (DfES 2001) which sets out the main principles of inclusive education: – with the right training, strategies and support nearly all children with special educational needs can be successfully included in mainstream education; – an inclusive education service offers excellence and choice and incorporates the views of parents and children; – the interests of children must be safeguarded; – schools, local education authorities and others should actively seek to remove barriers to learning and participation; – all children should have access to an appropriate education that affords them the opportunity to achieve their personal potential; – mainstream education will not always be right for every child all of the time. Equally, just because mainstream education may not be right at a particular stage it does not prevent the child from being included successfully at a later stage. This document stipulates that schools’ and local education authorities’ ability to refuse a mainstream place for a child with special educational needs is severely restricted. They are able to refuse a mainstream school place to a child if it would be incompatible with the efficient education of others; however, reasonable steps must be taken to prevent that incompatibility (DfES 2001). The Green Paper Every Child Matters further illustrates New Labour’s commitment to reform services delivered to children, especially those with SEN, with the purpose to provide all of them with the opportunity to be healthy, to stay safe, to have high academic attainments, to participate in life of community, enjoy and develop, and to achieve financial well-being. The focus of this document is on early intervention, removing the barriers to learning – both physical and social, preventative work and integrated services for children (DFES 2003). The latter provision reasonably stresses importance of transagency collaboration and coordination to achieve better quality of services delivered to children in need. The use of collaborative teaming among professionals, agencies, the child, and family members, the use of the curriculum that focuses on the interactions between the pupil and his/her environments as well as the establishment and use of interagency linkages to facilitate the smooth integration of the child in mainstream school are the most important components of this cooperation (Cheminais 2006, p.19). A crucial motif in such policies is the idea of equal worth and recognition for people deemed to be disadvantaged, marginalised and excluded. Notions of children locked in cycles of personal and social deprivation, excluded, but also self-excluding, emotionally damaged and lacking confidence and skills permeate these initiatives (Rieser 2000, p. 148). These legal instruments, in actual fact, established broad social investment programmes focusing on attaining such major outcomes for all children, including those with SEN, as to assure them to be healthy, to live in safe environment, to improve their academic achievements, to participate in full measure in social life, enjoy and develop, and to attain financial well-being (DFES 2003). The government has raised family incomes by introducing a national minimum wage and through policies such as the working families’ tax credit (Pugh 2005, p.8). The establishment of a Cabinet Committee on Children and Young People’s Services, and a Children and Young People’s Unit in the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), with a remit to develop a cross-departmental approach to policy as well as administering the Children Fund with ? 450 million to help to alleviate child poverty and social exclusion (DfES 2003), offer further testament to government commitments to children. The introduction of the National Childcare Strategy and Quality Protects with its strong recommendation that local authorities appoint a Children’s Rights Officer for looked after children, combined with the establishment of the Social Exclusion Unit and a number of community initiatives such as Sure Start designed to help preschool children, have increased assistance to children and their families, especially in severely disadvantaged areas (Pugh 2005). But any review of the Labour government’s record must include brickbats alongside bouquets. New Labour has reduced the number of children in poverty in recent years but the figures remain substantial for a country which ranks among the seven most industrialised nations in the world (Corbett 2001, p. 67). Young people under the age of 22, moreover, are exempted from the adult minimum wage of ? 4. 10 (Rieser 2000, p. 154). The centralisation of education, the imposition of national curricula and league tables and the privatising of certain aspects of education, are unlikely to promote children’s participation rights or provide them with a voice in the running of their ‘inclusive’ schools. Perhaps most significantly, New Labour’s election has regressed into a populist and authoritarian series of measures, such as curfews and electronic tagging. The Home Office, moreover, encouraged public perceptions of young people as unruly, out of control and requiring policies which stress containment (Robertson 2003). Indeed, children must be subject to the necessary guidance and discipline of adults, but they have to be partners in this process – not just passive recipients, if we talk about real inclusive schooling. In actual fact, legally, the paternalistic notion that the ‘best interests of the child’ must be protected has increasingly come to be supplemented by the principle that children have a right to express their views and have their wishes taken into account in legal decisions which concern them (Cheminais 2006, p. 23). In particular, the Children Act 2004 carefully straddles the divide between protectionist or paternalist and participatory rights. Its guiding principle is that the child’s welfare is paramount, but the legislation also supports the principle that, where possible and appropriate, the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child concerned should inform decisions (HMSO 2004, Part 2). In truth the judiciary continue to interpret this latter requirement conservatively falling back on paternalistic assumptions of children’s incompetence (Robertson 2003). Thus, it comes as no surprise that Armstrong (2005, p.138) argues that â€Å"a transformatory agenda [of New Labour government] may be characterized by the rhetoric of change rather than by any substantive transformation of values and practices†. Moreover, contradicting to its own declared values concerning inclusive education New Labour government sees special schools at the front position of the wider education agenda and emphasises the need to recognise and value their contribution within a framework of inclusion (DfES 2003). It is obvious that continuation of segregated special schools is contravening human rights – real inclusion cannot happen in the special school. As recent studies on the trends in the UK educational system show that he formalisation of relationships in education has been encouraged by the growing tendency towards extending the scope of bureaucratic intervention in the everyday life of schools (Atkinson et al. 2002). Increasingly, every aspect of education is subjected to rule-making and regulated through inspection and auditing. As a result of a highly centralised system of education managed by an interventionist bureaucracy little is left to chance (Foley et al. 2003, p. 112). It has been noted that even primary school teachers are allowed little initiative to exercise their professional judgment. The national curriculum dominates the classroom and teachers’ activity is regulated by the need to respond to the demands of standardised tests and inspections (Thomas & Vaughan 2004, p. 63). The expansion of bureaucratic control is justified on the grounds that it ensures the maintenance of standards of education (Armstrong 2005, p.141). While the impact of the standardisation of teaching on the quality of education is debatable, its consequences on the relationship between the different parties – teachers, students, local authorities, parents – are strikingly clear. New Labour government declared that its top priority is raising educational standards – it is a great target, but what is troubling that the government’s purpose has also been clearly signalled – education is valued less for its intrinsic qualities of self-development and more for its contribution to creating a new kind of society (Armstrong 2005, p.136). In that way, future prosperity of the UK rests with its capacity to develop and harness the skills required to be a significant player in the new knowledge-based international economy. Here it is evident that New Labour government sees the role of education explicitly in terms of social engineering. It means that the inclusion agenda in the UK has a moral and rhetorical appeal, while its conceptual vagueness can be seen after closer analysis. Conclusion. The conducted study demonstrated that there are no simple solutions to the task of inclusive thinking, relations and practice, that here is no room for complacency in the pursuit of understanding and implementing inclusive education. Without a doubt, inclusion can make great contribution to maximising the participation of all learners and the removal of discriminatory and exclusionary assumptions and practices in schools. Fortunately, recently society has shifted from a sentimental approach to disability to one which concerns entitlement. Inclusive education theorists and practitioners have moved distinctly on from a preoccupation with mere physical location in a school or college and a campaigning for civil rights issues. Physical access and disability rights continue to be ongoing struggles and theoretical concerns but the overriding practical priority in schools is that of coping with difficult behaviour and with learning difficulties. Here it is important not to see inclusion as the concern of special educators but of concern to all those involved in the school or college settings. While the earlier integration focus tended to be on physical access and specialist resources, inclusive education implies a shared responsibility and a joint concern. In such a way, now SEN is at the core of educational agenda, and it is seen as the business of mainstream schools to address basic skills and to meet individual needs. If successfully implemented inclusive schooling can give the opportunity for children with a disability to participate fully in all the educational, employment, consumer, leisure, community and domestic activities that characterize everyday society. But to advance an agenda for inclusion and to make the ideals represented in New Labour government policies a meaningful reality in schools, the society has much to do. Our study proves rightfulness of Armstrong’ arguments that even if being ambitious and extensive New Labour’s policies promulgating inclusive education do not yielded in practical results for children with SEN. To date they remain in many aspects just a declaration of what changes in education would be implemented, but the rhetoric of change has not been followed by substantive transformation of values and practices towards inclusion. Many children come to school with problems. Recognition of this and sensitivity to it is part of inclusive education as we revealed in our study. A responsive school climate, which views problems as challenges and not obstacles, is a key factor in successful movement to really inclusive education. The focus in it has to be on institutional systems, attitudes, flexibility and responsiveness rather than on the special needs child. In order to provide such a highly developed level of inclusiveness, schools have to be willing to work consistently on improving and adapting both their curriculum and social climate. It has to be a school which relates to individual needs, institutional resources and to community values. Today inclusion in school settings, for all the political rhetoric, remains the cause of a good deal of anxiety with the vast majority of teachers, parents and children. To work to advance an agenda for inclusion, in the target-driven and achievement-oriented market place that education has become, requires placing emphasis on breaking down the barriers which create exclusion. It means that we have to work on the attainment of a more inclusive society, which is not solely the responsibility of teachers in schools, and which is most likely to be achieved only when we will be able to develop a more equitable educational system. References Ainscow, M. , Booth, T. , Dyson, A. , with Farrell, P. , Frankham, J. , Gallannaugh, F. , Howes, A. & Smith, R. 2006, Improving Schools, Developing Inclusion, Routledge, London. HMSO 2004, The Children Act 2004, HMSO, London. Armstrong, D. 2005, ‘Reinventing ‘Inclusion’: New Labour and the Cultural Politics of Special Education’, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 135–151. Atkinson, T. , Cantillon, B. , Marlier, E. , & Nolan, B. 2002, Social Indicators: The EU and Social Inclusion, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Booth, T. , & Ainscow, M. 1998, ‘From Them to Us: Setting up the Study’, in From Them to Us: An International Study of Inclusion in Education, eds. T. Booth & M. Ainscow, Routledge, London, pp. 1-20. Booth, T. , Ainscow, M. , & Dyson, A. 1998, ‘England: Inclusion and Exclusion in a Competitive System’, in From Them to Us: An International Study of Inclusion in Education, eds. T. Booth & M. Ainscow, Routledge, London, pp. 193-225. Clark, C. , Dyson, A.& Millward, A. 1998, ‘Introducing the Issue of Theorising’, in Theorising Special Education, eds. C. Clark, A. Dyson & A. Millward, Routledge, London, pp. 1-6. Cheminais, R. 2006, Every Child Matters: New Role for SENCOs, David Fulton Publishers, London. Clough, P. , & Corbett, J. 2000, Theories of Inclusive Education: A Students’ Guide, Chapman, London. Corbett, J. 2001, Supporting Inclusive Education: A Connective Pedagogy, RoutledgeFalmer, London. DfES 2001, Inclusive Schooling: Children with Special Educational Needs, DfES Publications, Nottingham. DfES 2003, Every Child Matters, DfES Publications, London. Farrell, M. 2006, Celebrating the Special School, David Fulton Publishers, London. Foley, P. , Parton, N. , Roche, J. & Tucker, S. 2003, ‘Contradictory and Convergent Trends in Law and Policy Affecting Children in England’, in Hearing the Voices of Children: Social Policy for a New Century, eds. C. Hallett & A. Prout, Routledge, London, pp. 106-120. Mittler, P. 2000, Working Towards Inclusive Education: Social Contexts, David Fulton Publishers, London. Pugh, R. , 2005. Whose Children? The State and Child Welfare [online]. Phoenix, Arizona State University. Available from: http://www. asu.edu/xed/lectures/images/Pugh05. pdf [Accessed 25 April 2007]. Rieser, R. 2000, ‘Special Educational Needs or Inclusive Education: The Challenge of Disability Discrimination in Schooling’, in Education, Equality and Human Rights, ed. M. Cole, Falmer Press, London, pp. 141-161. Rose, R. 2003, ‘Ideology, Reality and Pragmatics: Towards an Informed Policy for Inclusion’, in Strategies to Promote Inclusive Practice, eds. R. Rose & C. Tilstone, RoutledgeFalmer, London, pp. 7-17. Robertson, C. 2003, ‘Towards Inclusive Therapy: Policies and the Transformation of Practice’, in Strategies to Promote Inclusive Practice, eds.R. Rose & C. Tilstone, RoutledgeFalmer, London, pp. 97-116. Skrtic, T. M. 1995, ‘Special Education and Student Disability as Organizational Pathologies: Toward a Metatheory of School Organization and Change’, in Disability and Democracy: Reconstructing (Special) Education for Postmodernity, ed. T. M. Skrtic, Teachers College Press, New York, pp. 190-232. 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